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Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Morales-Briceno Hugo, Victor S.C. Fung, Annu Aggarwal, Philip Thompson
Toxins: Manganese (ephedrone).Carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide.Wasp sting encephalopathy.
The Effects of Pharmaceuticals, Environmental, and Occupational Agents on Sperm Motility
Published in Claude Gagnon, Controls of Sperm Motility, 2020
Carbon disulfide (CS2) is used as a fumigant in the production of stored foods and in industry as a solvent, e. g., in viscose rayon manufacturing. Besides its effects on the cardiovascular system, reproductive effects have also been reported. Carbon disulfide appears to have a direct testicular effect which causes a decrease in sperm count and testosterone levels in treated rats.36
Industrial and environmental agents
Published in James W. Albers, Stanley Berent, Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Neurological and Neuropsychological Perspectives, 2005
James W. Albers, Stanley Berent
Occupational exposure to carbon disulfide has been associated with several neurological syndromes, including polyneuropathy (Albers & Bromberg, 1995). The information establishing these associations relies on information derived from case reports and cross-sectional studies of workers with many years of chronic exposures (Albin, 2000). Carbon disulfide has been used in a variety of industrial applications for well over 100 years. Initially, it was used as a phosphorus solvent in the process used to make matches. More recently, it has had application in the production of viscose rayon fiber, cellophane, plywood, vulcanized rubber, and pesticides (Allen, 1979; Seppalainen & Haltia, 1980). Some of the earliest reports of potential carbon disulfide neurotoxicity involved rayon workers, who were reported to have an increased frequency of parkinsonism (Seppalainen & Haltia, 1980). Although the association between carbon disulfide exposure remains unproven, parkinsonism is the most frequent neurologic syndrome attributed to carbon disulfide intoxication. Other adverse neurological effects attributed to occupational exposure to carbon disulfide, including polyneuropathy, appear to be better established.
The exposure to BTEX/Styrene and their health risk in the tire manufacturing
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Mehran Nazarparvar-Noshadi, Mehrdad Yadegari, Yousef Mohammadian, Yadolah Fakhri
This cross-sectional study was conducted among 38 workers in a tire manufacturing in Iran. This manufactory produces different types of tires for various vehicles. The main processes of this manufactory included tire building, tire baking, cement making, calendaring, cement spraying, extruding, banbury mixing, and inspection/finishing. The personal exposure to BTEX and styrene was evaluated according to the optimized National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1501 method. According to this method, a calibrated personal sampler was placed in the respiratory zone of the workers with charcoal sorbent tubes and BTEX and styrene content of respiratory zone, was trapped into the tubes. Then, after desorption with carbon disulfide (CS2, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), the samples were analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a flame ionizing detector (FID). Prepared stock solutions of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes in CS2 were used for the detection of standard retention times of this materials. For BTEX and styrene separation, the GC-FID was equipped with a silica capillary column (length: 50 m, internal diameter: 0.53 mm, and film thickness: 0.25 μm). The samples were analyzed at following conditions with GC-FID: flow rate of helium carrier gas, temperatures of injector, column, and detector were 2 ml/min, 250, 230, and 300 °C, respectively. The calibration curve was drown at different concentration. Blank sample was also considered in this study. All samples were analyzed three time by GC-FID.
Semi-quantitative health risk assessment of exposure to chemicals in an aluminum rolling mill
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Ashraf Sanjari, Reza Saeedi, Shokooh S. Khaloo
Fe2O3, Al and Mn were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES 710 ES; Varian, Australia) according to the NIOSH 7301 standard method [22]. Quantitative analysis of H2SO4 was done by ion chromatography (940 ProfIC; Vario, Switzerland) after desorption of the samples by carbonate/bicarbonate buffer solution according to the 7903 NIOSH standard method [23]. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene were determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC CP-3800; Varian, USA) after desorption of the samples using carbon disulfide according to the 1501 NIOSH standard method [24]. The SiO2 concentration was determined after digestion of the samples and measurement of the color of silicomolybdate at 420 nm by ultraviolet–vis spectrometry (AvaSpec-2048; Avantes, the Netherlands) according to the 7601 NIOSH standard method [25]. Counting of rock wool was done manually using a light microscope (Oxion Life Science Microscope, phase contrast; Euromex, UK) according to the 7400 NIOSH standard method [26].
Effects of occupational exposure to trace levels of halogenated anesthetics on the liver, kidney, and oxidative stress parameters in operating room personnel
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Abbas Jafari, Fatemeh Jafari, Iraj Mohebbi
Isoflurane and sevoflurane were measured in the breathing zone of the personnel in accordance with OSHA 103 method (OSHA, 1994). In brief, air samplings were performed by the adsorbent tube (Anasorb 747, SKC, PA, USA) and low-flow pumps (Pocket Pump 210–1002TX, SKC, PA, USA) at 50 ml/min. Air sampling was carried out during the whole shift of a working day. To evaluate the precise exposure of the personnel, the samples were collected by active sorbent tube attached to clothing within the breathing zone of the personnel exposed to halogenated anesthetic agents; then, the adsorbent tubes containing the analytes were transferred to the laboratory. Finally, isoflurane and sevoflurane were extracted by 1 ml carbon disulfide from the adsorbent tube and analyzed using gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and a capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm ID × 0.25 μmdf). The temperature program was as follows: the initial oven temperature of 40 °C (held for 3 min) and, then, a 20 °C/min ramp to 100 °C (held for 10 min). The temperatures for the injector and detector were set at 200 °C and 280 °C, respectively. The flow rate of the carrier gas (nitrogen) was 0.5 ml/min. It should be noted that limit of detection (LOD) of isoflurane and sevoflurane were 0.01 and 0.008 ppm, respectively. More technical details have been described in our previous paper (Jafari et al. 2018).