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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
CS2 is a solvent for oils and resins. Metabolites do appear in the urine. Biological monitoring is usually carried out after each shift. Mostly used in production of viscose rayon and cellophane.
Introduction
Published in Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht, Bamboo Shoot, 2020
Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht
There are two ways to process bamboo to make into a fabric: mechanically or chemically. The fibre extracted by the mechanical way is often referred to as ‘natural’ or ‘original’ bamboo fibre and more or less the same manufacturing method used to produce ramie. It is made by crushing the woody parts of the bamboo plant and then use natural enzymes to break the bamboo walls into a mushy mass so that the natural fibres can be mechanically combed out and spun into yarn. This is essentially the same eco-friendly manufacturing process used to produce linen fabric from flax or hemp. Bamboo fabric made from this process is sometimes called bamboo linen. Very little bamboo linen is manufactured for clothing because it is more labour-intensive and costly. Chemically manufactured bamboo fibre is a regenerated cellulose fibre similar to rayon or modal and is sometimes called bamboo rayon because of the many similarities with rayon during manufacturing and feels while wearing. Most bamboo fabric that is the current eco-fashion rage is manufactured by the chemical process (Rayon process) by ‘cooking’ the bamboo leaves and woody shoots in strong chemical solvents such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH—also known as caustic soda or lye) and carbon disulfide by the process of hydrolysis alkalization combined with multi-phase bleaching. This is basically the same process used to make rayon from wood or cotton waste by-products.
Common Cosmetic Ingredients: Chemistry, Actions, Safety and Products
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Of the preservatives used in skin care products and cosmetics, formaldehyde has the greatest potential to cause skin allergy (Jong et al., 2007). Formaldehyde has been used to preserve skin care products, wart removers, nail products and in some cotton- and rayon-containing textiles and bedding. There is a concerning increase in the number of people sensitive to formaldehyde preservative, with one study finding a 400–500% increase in formaldehyde sensitivity in people in Israel (Zachariae et al., 2006).
The microbial abundance dynamics of the paediatric oral cavity before and after sleep
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Jessica A. P. Carlson-Jones, Anna Kontos, Declan Kennedy, James Martin, Kurt Lushington, Jody McKerral, James S. Paterson, Renee J. Smith, Lisa M. Dann, Peter Speck, James G. Mitchell
Eluted swab samples were diluted (1:100) in 0.2 µm filtered TE buffer for optimal visualisation of bacterial and virus-like particle (VLP) populations. Diluted samples were then stained with SYBR-I Green (1:20,000 final dilution; Molecular Probes) and incubated for 10 minutes in the dark at 80°C as per previously established and optimised methods [17,18,21]. Control samples of sterile rayon swabs eluted in sterile TE buffer were prepared in the same manner as the participant swab samples. These samples were used to eliminate any background artefacts introduced during sample preparation or from the rayon swabs themselves (S1 Fig). Triplicates of each swab sample were prepared for analysis (S1-S4 Tables). Fluorescent beads (1 µm, Molecular Probes) were added to each sample at a concentration of 105 beads ml−1 [22]. Using the bead fluorescence and concentration as a control, flow cytometric parameters were normalised [22].
Analyzing Emergent Issues in Women's Health: The Case of the Toxic-shock Syndrome
Published in Women's Reproductive Health, 2018
In 1936, Tampax acquired the patent to a tampon, which eventually became known by the company name to the point where tampons generally were referred to as "Tampax." Like Kotex, it was initially made from wood pulp and rayon, but later was produced from cotton. In 1977, manufacturers altered the composition of the product and began to use more absorbent materials such as polyacrylate fibers, carboxymythillic cellulose, and high absorbency rayon cellulose and polyester foam (Shands, Schmid, Dan, et al., 1980). This new tampon was designed to expand and hence close the vaginal outlet (Fuller, Swartz, Wolfson, & Salzman, 1980). It is this later, highly absorbent tampon that is implicated in the onset of the disease called toxic-shock syndrome in menstruating women.
Management of adolescents with hidradenitis suppurativa
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Erin Collier, Vivian Y. Shi, Jennifer L. Hsiao
Discussing undergarment and clothing fabric selection is beneficial. Patients should also be encouraged to wear loose-fitting and breathable clothing made with 100% cotton, cellulose-derived rayon, or bamboo fibers, which are soft and absorbent (16). Adolescent girls who have undergone thelarche will benefit from sports bras, other wireless bras, and camisoles that can help to offload pressure and friction from inframammary areas (16). Selecting seamless or laser cut underwear without elastic bands can also help minimize shearing forces (16). Finally, malodor is a source of embarrassment, low self-esteem, and social stigma for HS patients (17). Recommendations for hypoallergenic deodorant sprays can be given to teens experiencing malodor.