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Skin manifestations of poisoning
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
Poisoning is a harmful condition due to exposure to some chemicals. It may be acute and chronic. Poisoning can affect one or a few individuals or even may affect the masses. Numerous chemicals have the potential to cause harm to human beings, such as natural gases (as in the gas leak in China in 2003 that killed many) and toxic gases (release of carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and methylisocyanate in Bhopal in 1984 that caused many deaths), and methanol. However, only a few important chemicals are discussed in this chapter with particular attention to the dermatological effects of such poisoning.
Insecticides
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The action of rotenone parallels that of the pyrethrins in providing quick knock-down of flying insects. Although it is considered to possess generally low toxicity, respiratory, dermal, oral, or ocular exposure results in symptoms that mimic the chemical irritants (Chapter 25). Pulmonary and systemic toxicity leading to respiratory depression, seizures, and coma have been reported. Management of poisoning is supportive and symptomatic.
The Structural Biology, Biochemistry, Toxicology, and Military Use of the Ricin Toxin and the Associated Treatments and Medical Countermeasures for Ricin Exposure
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Terry J. Henderson, George Emmett, Russell M. Dorsey, Charles B. Millard, Ross D. LeClaire, Harry Salem
Most documented human cases of ricin poisoning have resulted from intentional or accidental oral ingestion, and this route of exposure is fatal for <1% of cases if modern clinical care is provided (Challoner and McCarron, 1990; Rauber and Heard, 1985). For oral poisoning, intestinal decontamination is unlikely to be beneficial once vomiting has begun. Gastric lavage is controversial but can be considered for non-vomiting patients presenting within an hour from ingestion (Vale, 1997). Early GI lavage with a single oral (p.o.) dose of activated charcoal (3 g charcoal in 25 mL water) may reduce further systemic absorption of the toxin, although the extent of ricin adsorption to charcoal is unknown (Chyka and Seger, 1997; Vale, 1997). For children between the ages of 2 and 6 years who have consumed castor beans containing ricin, early induction of emesis has been recommended by the administration of syrup of ipecac followed by aggressive clinical management that includes i.v. fluid administration (Kinamore et al., 1980). In cases of ocular exposure to ricin, extensive rinsing with a 10% lactose solution may reduce toxicity if performed immediately after exposure (Strocchi et al., 2005).
Exploring research gaps and trends in the management of acute phosphide poisoning: a systematic review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Zahraa Khalifa Sobh, Marwa Kholief, Eman Khalifa Sobh, Manal Ibrahim Fathy Balah
The extracted data included the following:The type of study design included analytical (cross-sectional or case-control studies), descriptive (diagnosis-related or management-related case reports), and experimental interventional (in-vitro, animal, or human) studies.Publication data included authors, article title, and year of publication.Treatment modalities in management-related case reports and experimental interventional studies.The mechanism of action of treatment modalities.The effect of treatment modalities on the outcome of poisoning in experimental interventional studies.
Epidemiology of poisoning in Syria (1999 through 2020)
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Moudar Kouli, Hasan Nabil Al Houri, Sami Jomaa, Abdulmoez Issa, Douaa Mohammad Nazir Arrouk, Abdullah Alhouri, Ghaith Almhanni, Ahmad Nabil Alhouri, Rahaf Wardeh, Maher Kouli
Acute poisoning is a significant international public health issue [1,2] and one of the leading causes of death in the Emergency Department (ED) [3,4]. Although toxic substances, gases, and vapors are common causes of poisoning, drug poisoning is the foremost cause worldwide, and the majority of deaths were after an unintentional or intentional drug overdose, given the wrong drug, taking the wrong drug by mistake, or taking a drug inadvertently [5]. However, the most common poisoning agents differ between developing and developed countries, with pesticides being the most common cause of poisoning in developing countries and pharmaceuticals being the leading cause in developed countries [6,7]. These results were secondary to the discrepancies in the socioeconomic status, cultural habits, and agricultural and industrial activities between the countries [7,8]. In addition, the rates of food poisoning also increased globally due to the increase in transporting food products in parallel to the increase in travel [9].
Charged pyridinium oximes with thiocarboxamide moiety are equally or less effective reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterases compared to analogous carboxamides
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Zuzana Kohoutova, David Malinak, Rudolf Andrys, Jana Svobodova, Miroslav Psotka, Monika Schmidt, Lukas Prchal, Kamil Musilek
OP are irreversible inhibitors of ChEs, acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8). While inhibition of AChE can lead to life threatening intoxication due to cholinergic overstimulation and crisis, inhibition of BChE has no direct adverse effects. For this reason, BChE can be used as the OP bioscavenger and it is considered as a pseudo-catalytic bioscavenger4. The mechanism of AChE inhibition implies rapid phosphylation of the Ser203 hydroxyl group in AChE. After that AChE is no longer able to hydrolyse acetylcholine (ACh) which leads to its accumulation in the postsynaptic cleft followed by the overstimulation of cholinergic receptors5,6. Symptoms of poisoning are e.g. sweating, diarrhoea, tremors and muscle spasms. Death may be caused by respiratory system failure6.