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Wandering with Wonder
Published in Usva Seregina, Astrid Van den Bossche, Art-Based Research in the Context of a Global Pandemic, 2023
Luciana Walther, Carlos Eduardo Félix da Costa
Regular visits to the city's archives, to the Museum of African-American History, and interviews with museum employees revealed rich information on the context of the context (Askegaard and Linnet 2011). After the official abolition of slavery in 1863, the first communities of freed black people settled on the banks of the Mississippi River, supporting themselves, above all, by washing clothes for the plantation houses located on the other bank, in the state of Louisiana. One can imagine that buying soap for this operation was no simple task. But the region's harbour activities – which generated an enormous exchange of knowledge since the French colonization from 1699 to 1763 (Bunn and Williams 2007) – guaranteed the dissemination, to all segments of the population, of the productive techniques of soap as a domestic tool. Enslaved black washerwomen made their own soap out of lye, which left them with recurrent chemical burns (Hunter 1997, Oak Alley Foundation 2021).
Assyria
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Lye (strong alkaline solution) was noted as an ecbolic, used ‘to deliver the dead child’. Various sodas, known as ‘salts’ were developed over the millennia for their purgative action, to stimulate labor and to treat postnatal breast engorgement.
The Head and Neck
Published in E. George Elias, CRC Handbook of Surgical Oncology, 2020
The pharynx and the cervical esophagus are exposed to the same carcinogens of smoking, alcohol, and mucosal irritants as the oral cavity. In addition, Plummer-Vinson syndrome has been blamed as a predisposing factor to the development of epidermoid carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus, especially in women. Lye and other chemical burns play a role in the etiology of carcinoma of the esophagus. Again, malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies, especially Vitamin A and C, may play some role in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the hypopharynx.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dextromethorphan: clinical and forensic aspects
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Ana Rita Silva, Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
Experienced DXM abusers extract the DXM from the sirup and offer it as a powder in capsules. Two extraction techniques are widely described in the internet aiming to purify the DXM and therefore to avoid co-ingestant toxicity (e.g. ethanol, guaifenesin, saccharin, propylene glycol, coloring agents, sweeteners) present in combination cold preparations (Hendrickson and Cloutier 2007): (i) a single-phase acid–base extraction with sodium hydroxide that yields a freebase crystalline powder (i.e. ‘crystal dex’) and (ii) a two-phase acid–base extraction with ammonia resulting in a liquid (i.e. ‘DXemon juice’ or ‘agent lemon’). This last technique has become more popular because it yields a more palatable liquid product, it avoids the use of lye, and it eliminates the hazards of heating flammable solvents in enclosed spaces.
Acute chemical skin injuries in the United States: a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Alan H. Hall, Laurence Mathieu, Howard I. Maibach
“Lye” is a liquid metal hydroxide, most often sodium or potassium hydroxide. It is a strong alkali chemical. Wolfort et al (1970) reported on skin injuries in 416 patients treated at two hospitals in Baltimore from 1952 to 1968, or approximately 25 such patients annually. Among these, 42 had lye injuries involving 5–60% of the TBSA, with only 9 resulting from workplace accidents. The majority were deliberate chemical assaults. The mean hospital admission duration was 32 days. The one death that occurred was attributed to an anesthetic accident. Noted complications were tympanic membrane perforations (from liquid lye running into the external auditory canal), parotid fistulas, more potential for formation of keloids than usually seen with thermal burns, and early development of Marjolin's malignant ulcers in injury scars (noted at 3–9 years following lye injuries as opposed to an average of 34 years following thermal burns). In these 2 hospitals, treatment protocols were early water flushing and then 12–24 h of continuous flushing with water in a shower (Wolfort et al. 1970). Despite this, all 42 lye-exposed patients developed chemical skin injuries requiring debridement and skin grafting (Wolfort et al. 1970).