China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Impact of Sulphur Dioxide Deposition on Medicinal Plants' Growth and Production of Active Constituents
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Shakeelur Rahman, Azamal Husen
Industries, thermal power plants, and automobiles are the sources of atmospheric pollution, creating various pollutants by reacting with temperature, light and humidity (Husen 1997, 2021). The chemicals present in the air travel far away from their origin point and affect the ecosystems and broad regional locations (Figure 4.1). Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the major chemical precursors leading to acidic conditions in the atmosphere by reacting with oxygen, water, and sunlight. The wet (acidic rain, fog, snow) and dry (acidic gas, particles) parts of acid deposition in the atmosphere fall onto plants. Acid deposition is an example of the accumulation of acids and oxides from the atmosphere in the form of gas, rain, snow, or particulates that begin mainly from human activities (Abbasi et al. 2013). As a result, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acids (HNO3) are deposited on vegetation. About 60–70 per cent of the acid deposition found throughout the world is SO2. Only 10 per cent of sulphur in the atmosphere is from natural sources, the remaining 90 per cent being anthropogenic (Ramadan 2004).
Detection of Nodule and Lung Segmentation Using Local Gabor XOR Pattern in CT Images
Published in Rohit Raja, Sandeep Kumar, Shilpa Rani, K. Ramya Laxmi, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 2D/3D Medical Image Processing, 2020
Laxmikant Tiwari, Rohit Raja, Vineet Awasthi, Rohit Miri
The foremost functionality in reference to startling veins was that one may change methane enclosed by powerful open privately exhale along with startling extraction. Through powerful stroke, carbonic acid gas had been barred beginning at powerful water as a consequence air enters sensational blood. startling correct pleura must have treble ear lobe, whereas melodramatic left alveolus is now divided toward double nostril as well as this year’s minor shape known as powerful lingula which has been sensational commensurate epithetical startling heart node over sensational correct. Spectacular major airlines getting into sensational backside were melodramatic lymph vessels, whichever get up beginning at melodramatic esophagus, whichever was outside spectacular veins. Melodramatic vertebral arteries chapter in very tinier airshaft often called sinus passages that fact end fly minuscule cartons often known as bronchi station fuel substitute usually happens. Powerful backside moreover heart wall had been lined including your coating epithetical sense often known as powerful loin.
The Seventeenth Century
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
Together with this mechanistic tendency, there developed an important movement toward a chemical explanation of vital phenomena — the iatrochemical school. Jean Baptiste vanhelmont, of Brussels (1577–1644), a Capuchin friar and able chemist, can be regarded as the precursor of this school. He was a pioneer in the chemistry of gases, having invented the name “gas” (derived from the Greek chaos, as used by Paracelsus in the general sense of air). He was the first to discover carbonic-acid gas and made notable contributions to pharmacology. His at- bySantorio- tempts to add to knowledge of renal function by weighing twenty-four-hour specimens of urine show at least an appreciation of quantitative methods, though they appear to have produced no practical results. His iatrochemical theories, however, which were derived from the system of Paracelsus, have none but a historical value.
Evaluation of hazard distances related to toxic releases in a gas refinery: comparison of chemical exposure index and consequence modeling approaches
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Morteza Cheraghi, Ali Bagherian-Sahlavani, Hedayat Noori, Iraj Mohammad-Fam
In this study, a gas refinery was selected as the setting for the simulation. Plant units receive toxic gas from a sea pipeline and treat it with different equipment to produce products. The first unit to receive toxic gas is the sludge catcher (unit 100), in which glycol water and condensate will be separated from the gas; glycol water will be sent to the ethylene glycol (MEG) recovery unit and the condensate will be sent to the condensate stabilizer unit. The output gas from the sludge catcher, after passing through high-pressure separators, will go to the gas treatment unit (unit 101) followed by gas sweetening. Refinery products such as methane, ethane, propane and butane will be extracted. In the gas sweetening process, acid gas is produced that contains a large amount of H2S gas. Because of environmental issues, this gas cannot be burned and must be recovered in the sulfur recovery unit (unit 108). Lastly, solid sulfur is produced and will be kept in storage. A simplified presentation of the gas refinery process units is shown in Figure 1, which also indicates some of the main relationships between them.
Morbidity and mortality resulting from acute inhalation exposures to hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl fluoride in rats
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Adolph J. Januszkiewicz, Matthew A. Bazar, Lee C. B. Crouse, Michael A. Chapman, Steven E. Hodges, Steven J. McCormick, Arthur J. O’Neill
The toxicities of halide acid gases (HCl, HF, and HBr) have previously been reported to be relatively similar (Stavert et al., 1991). In the mid 2000’s, investigators at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research examined the effects of high-level HCl exposure in rats. At comparable concentrations, and same exposure duration examined in these experiments, similar respiratory changes were observed (Figure 5). Moreover, with both the current HF and previous HCl exposures no deaths occurred during exposure or up to 24 h post-exposure. Taken together, these data suggest that the increased tolerance to HF currently observed, compared to earlier lethality studies, does not appear to be an aberrant anomaly, but rather a typical response to an acid halide gas after changes in breeding practices of the Sprague-Dawley rat were fully implemented.