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How to introduce solids
Published in Claire Tuck, Complementary Feeding, 2022
The 2009 version of the NHS Birth to Five book2 also recommends using fruit, vegetables and rice as first foods (pureed, mashed, or pieces for the infant to pick up), with additional foods as at the previous section, ‘Department of Health, National Health Service and Unicef Weaning booklet’ (plus small pieces of toast).
Nutrition and oral health
Published in Jackie Musgrave, Health and Wellbeing for Babies and Children, 2022
Weaning, or the preferred term, complementary feeding, is the introduction of foods, other than breast or formula milk to babies’ diets, and is a significant milestone for babies. The introduction of complementary feeding is a time when healthy eating habits can be formed (Warren 2018). The World Health Organisation (2022) recommends that babies should be introduced to complementary feeding around 6 months of age. However, some countries around the world, such as some European countries, suggest that 4–6 months is the recommended age. Weaning has traditionally been parent led and comprised of spoon-feeding small amounts of pureed foods to the baby.
Food Allergy
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Alison Cassin, Ashley Devonshire, Stephanie Ward, Meghan McNeill
When it comes to infants, the caregivers control all aspects of feeding – from the choice to feed human milk or formula selection, to timing and type of complementary foods introduced. Because a food allergy diagnosis during infancy can disrupt infant weaning resulting in delayed complementary feeding, referral to a dietitian at this stage is paramount. As the child matures, the opportunity for accidental exposures to allergens increases as she enters new environments with less parental supervision. In this regard, infant management is more straightforward; they are often confined to the home and dependent on caregivers to provide food. But as older infants and toddlers move to daycare and preschool settings, age-specific behaviors like significant hand-to-mouth play and thumb-sucking increase the risk of oral exposures. Reactions occurring outside the home are more frequent in young children. Since many daycare centers are peanut- and tree nut-free, the most reactions occurring in these settings are to cow’s milk.
Impact of diet on sensory processing in early childhood: summary of an interactive webconference / expert roundtable discussion
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2023
Julie Lemale, Audrey Lecoufle, Marc Bellaiche
The feeding process of infants and young children is mostly dependent on their parents or caregivers. First, parents or caregivers should be vigilant at each food transition from pregnancy and breastfeeding to bottle feeding, and weaning to the development of food skills. Their role is to prevent any feeding disorders by adapting strategies to promote healthy feeding behaviors (Table 1) [52–54]. Whenever a child is suspected of feeding difficulties, an early screening of pediatric feeding disorders should be in place. This starts with mealtime observation and history taking of feeding-related behaviors (such as prolonged breast or bottle feeding, food refusal for more than 1 month, prolonged and stressful mealtimes, distractions to increase food intake, and dependent feeding) and dietary history [4,53].
Pathways of atopic disease and neurodevelopmental impairment: assessing the evidence for infant antibiotics
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Elizabeth Volker, Carmen Tessier, Nicole Rodriguez, Jerome Yager, Anita Kozyrskyj
Importantly, many studies did not take into account infant nutrition – breastfeeding or weaning onto solid foods. Breastfeeding shapes gut microbial composition in later infancy and is an important source of sphingolipids essential for brain architecture. Two studies considered breastfeeding status and are worth mentioning. The Firestein et al. [85]preterm infant study, which found an association between perinatal antibiotic treatment and ADHD-like behaviors at age 5 years, adjusted models for ‘dose’ of breast milk fed to infants. In a cohort of mainly breastfeed infants by Slykerman et al. [120], early infancy antibiotic use was associated with ADHD-like behaviors in 11-year olds. Both studies also took into account gut microbiota dysbiosis from cesarean birth. However, the influence of prenatal infection could not be discounted in these studies. In conclusion, our review assessed antibiotic treatment of infants to merely be a marker for infection but this requires further investigation. Are there pathways for antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis that lead to impaired neurodevelopment and are distinct from those related to infection-inflammation? Does the additional exposure of infant gut microbiota, already transformed by genetics or environmental factors, to antibiotics confer additional risk for neurodevelopmental disorders? These are future questions to be answered.
Effects of early-life zinc deficiency on learning and memory in offspring and the changes in DNA methylation patterns
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Yu-Gang Jiang, Yong-hui Wang, Han Zhang, Zi-Yu Wang, Yan-Qiang Liu
The overall protocol used for this study is illustrated in Figure 1. Weight and food intake of mothers during pregnancy in each treatment group (ZA, ZD, and PF) and the offspring at intervals P0-P21 (lactating) and P21 to adult (post weaning) were determined. The results regarding food intake and weight are shown in Figure 2. At the end of experiment, the food intake and weight of rats in the ZD group were significantly reduced compared with those in rats in the control group (P < 0.05) during pregnancy and lactation, indicating that zinc deficiency may reduce food intake and the weight of rats. In addition, rats in the ZD group gradually displayed typical symptoms of zinc depletion starting at lactation, such as listlessness, decreased activity, interphalangeal and corneal inflammation, rough hair, severe hair loss, and development stagnation.