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Pediatric Hematocolpos
Published in Botros Rizk, A. Mostafa Borahay, Abdel Maguid Ramzy, Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Gynecologic Emergencies, 2020
Omar M. Abuzeid, Mostafa I. Abuzeid
Symptoms will begin at age of menarche. Patients may present with primary amenorrhea due to mechanical obstruction of the menstrual flow. The presenting symptoms usually include abdominal pain, which is usually chronic in nature. Patients will repeatedly present to their primary care provider or emergency room with nonspecific cyclical abdominal pain. This can be confused with chronic constipation, urinary tract infections, or appendicitis. As in patients with imperforate hymen, these adolescent women have a normal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which explains their normal secondary sexual characteristics. In addition, some of these patients may have renal or skeletal anomalies, and in turn, they may present with symptoms related to such pathology. If patients are sexually active, they may present with complaints of pain or difficulty during intercourse.
Calcium and Magnesium
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Perhaps the most prevalent aspect of calcium and healing in sports medicine is bone loss associated with amenorrhea. Athletic amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual cycles or periods (no more than one period in the last 6 months).731 Incidence of athletic amenorrhea ranges from 7 to 71%, depending upon the group studied.731,732 Athletic amenorrhea is classified as secondary amenorrhea, meaning menstrual cycles were existent, but a secondary situation (exercise?) precipitated loss of cycles. Primary amenorrhea means no menstrual periods have occurred.
Overview of the Research
Published in Kate B. Daigle, The Clinical Guide to Fertility, Motherhood, and Eating Disorders, 2019
Many of the physical complications of anorexia are due to effects of starvation. In a woman, a major marker of this disease is amenorrhea, or the loss of her period. Primary amenorrhea occurs when a woman age 15 or older never has had her period, and secondary amenorrhea occurs in a woman who has had regular periods but loses her period for a time span of 3 months or more. The loss of menstruation prohibits egg production and shuts down the reproductive system. Hypothalamic amenorrhea, a component of secondary amenorrhea, is common in people with anorexia and occurs when the hypothalamus, which is in the center of the brain and controls reproduction, stops producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This is the hormone that starts the menstrual cycle, and it can stop it if it does not sense sustainability. One of the factors of this is low body weight, which may or may not be connected to an eating disorder.3
POI after chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant may mimic disorders of sexual differentiation – a case report of a patient with primary amenorrhea and 46, XY karyotype
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Jagoda Kruszewska, Sandra Krzywdzińska, Monika Grymowicz, Roman Smolarczyk, Blazej Meczekalski
Primary amenorrhea is, according to the most recent consensus, a condition defined as an absence of menarche stated at the age of 15 or three years after thelarche [1]. It may appear as a sign of various disorders including impairment of the ovaries, the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, anatomical abnormalities within the genitourinary tract and metabolic or endocrinologic disorders [2]. Therefore differential diagnostic should consist of establishing past medical history, performing a gynecological examination, marking full hormonal profile and determining the patient’s karyotype. The recent may be the decisive measure in some chromosomal abnormalities, allowing to exclude Turner Syndrome (46, XO) and other disorders of sexual differentiations. 46, XY karyotype is not a common result in phenotypically female patients presented with primary amenorrhea [3,4]. In female individuals with 46, XY genotype prophylactic gonadectomy is required because of the high prevalence of gonadal tumors [5]. Oncological treatment during childhood may also lead to primary amenorrhea due to gonadotoxic effect of chemotherapy and irradiation.
The Relationship Between Female Reproductive Functions and Vitamin D
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Sabriye Arslan, Yasemin Akdevelioğlu
Primary amenorrhea is defined as the failure to reach menarche. Primary amenorrhea is often, but not exclusively, the result of chromosomal irregularities that lead to premature ovarian insufficiency or anatomic abnormalities. Premature ovarian insufficiency, which refers to the onset of menopause before age 40, may also be influenced by vitamin D levels. Other than the age factor, AMH is a good indicator of this syndrome (14). In a study on serum vitamin D steroid hormones, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and ovarian reserve markers in 73 nonobese healthy females revealed a positive relationship between vitamin D level and total testosterone and free androgen index. It has been argued that vitamin D may increase fertility by modulating androgenic activity (15). It is believed that low vitamin D levels may affect ovarian reserve and induce premature menopause in predisposed females. Further, patients with premature ovarian insufficiency should take supplemental calcium and vitamin D for optimal bone health.
A report of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency in two 46,XX sisters
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Fernando Espinosa-Herrera, Estefanía Espín, Ana M. Tito-Álvarez, Leonardo-J Beltrán, Diego Gómez-Correa, German Burgos, Arianne Llamos, Camilo Zurita, Samantha Rojas, Iván Dueñas-Espín, Kenny Cueva-Ludeña, Jorge Salazar-Vega, Jorge Pinto-Basto
Clinical characteristics of both sisters are depicted in Tables 1 and 2. Both sisters had: (i) primary amenorrhea, (ii) external infantile female genitalia, (iii) absence of labia minora fusion, (iv) a Tanner stage for breast/pubic hair of 2/1 (Figure 1), (v) infantile uterus and small ovaries, according to imaging studies and (vi) osteoporosis, according to the left hip bone mineral density (Z-score of −3.0 for sister 1 and −3.2 for sister 2) (Table 1). Remarkably, sister 1 was normotensive (with an average blood pressure of 125/82 mmHg), while sister 2 had hypertension (with an average blood pressure of 150/96 mmHg) and hypokalemia (Table 2).