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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Increasing evidence presents that a diet inspired by the Mediterranean diet is associated with numerous health benefits.181,182 This type of diet has been demonstrated to exert a preventive effect on cardiovascular diseases with a positive action on the cardiometabolic risk.183,184 Additionally, it has the added benefit of decreasing the risk of diabetes and metabolic-related conditions,185 and lower risk of cancer mortality.186 Recent research has also demonstrated that adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of mental disorders, including cognitive decline and depression.187 With regard to periodontal health, in patients following the Mediterranean diet, there was a reported decrease in periodontal pathogenic bacteria in the saliva. Specifically, a significant decrease in the relative abundances of P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and T. denticola which are considered associated with periodontal disease.188 Alternatively, an inflammatory diet that is high in carbohydrates and fats but deficient in necessary nutrients elevates leukocyte counts and systemic inflammation with periodontal disease.189
Pathogens Causing Multisystem Infections
Published in Victor A. Bernstam, Pocket Guide to GENE LEVEL DIAGNOSTICS in Clinical Practice, 2019
The most prevalent species in periodontitis was found to be Prevotella intermedia. REA demonstrated different digestion patterns among all isolates of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella gingivalis, and P. intermedia, suggesting that no cross-infection occurred among the subjects studied.
Bacterial Infections in Atherosclerosis
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Emil Kozarov, Ann Progulske-Fox
Supporting these data, seroepidemiological investigations showed that infections caused by major periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (in seropositive subjects) is associated with future stroke (Pussinen et al., 2004). Seroepidemiology also demonstrated that anti-P. gingivalis antibody is associated with atrial fibrillation as well as carotid artery atherosclerosis. In addition, anti-Prevotella intermedia antibody may be associated with stroke through its association with carotid atherosclerosis (Hosomi et al., 2012). Finally, murine and larger animal models of infection corroborated the results from in vitro and studies, demonstrating the exacerbation of the vascular inflammation upon administration of infectious agents (Jain et al., 2003; Brodala et al., 2005).
Intestinal and hepatic microbiota changes associated with chronic ethanol administration in mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Sena Bluemel, Lirui Wang, Claire Kuelbs, Kelvin Moncera, Manolito Torralba, Harinder Singh, Derrick E. Fouts, Bernd Schnabl
Prevotella are gram-negative, obligate anaerobes.32 LPS released from Prevotella could enhance ethanol-induced liver disease as LPS is an important mediator of alcoholic liver disease.23,33 Increased levels of Prevotella copri (detected in human stool samples) correlated with endotoxin levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.34,35 Because Prevotella are abundant in the human gingival grove, their role in the development of periodontitis has been extensively studied, and some of the disease-promoting effects might also play a role for liver disease.32Prevotella intermedia was found to be capable to invade oral epithelial cells, as it secretes exopolysaccharides to form biofilms and is a producer of several proteases.36–39 In addition, P. intermedia induced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) from human monocyte-derived THP-1 macrophages.40 Other species, P. gingivalis and P. nigrescens, induced arthritic bone erosions by toll-like receptor-2- and interleukin (IL)-1-dependent Th17-cell activation in mice.41 IL-1β mediates ethanol-induced liver disease in mice.42
Integrated hypothesis of dental caries and periodontal diseases
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Bente Nyvad, Nobuhiro Takahashi
The pH-balance at the dynamic stability stage could also be driven towards higher pH-values. This is likely to happen in response to gingivitis. Gingivitis is the host inflammatory response to microbial challenge, which if left unattended, may lead to breakdown of host-microbe homeostasis and degradation of the periodontium [for review, 11, 30]. Gingivitis increases the secretion of a serum-like exudate (GCF] in the gingival crevice [31]. This protein-rich environment enhances the growth of indigenous proteolytic and amino acid-degrading bacteria, such as Fusobacterium and Prevotella, the alkaline cytotoxic products of which raise the average pH to around neutral values. At this stage the microbial community enters the ‘proteolytic and amino-acid degrading stage’ (Figure 1). The major principles of this vicious cycle have been described in detail by Takahashi [13,16]. Continued proteolysis along with acid neutralization by Fusobacterium and Prevotella [32] may help to generate an alkaline environment for the succession of more acid sensitive ‘inflammophilic’ species, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis [33]. In this scenario, Prevotella intermedia plays an important modulatory role because it can live in both a sugar-rich supragingival environment and in a protein-rich, neutral to weakly alkaline subgingival environment; yet its cytotoxic and proteolytic virulence is increased only when sugar is absent, such as in subgingival sites with restricted access to dietary sugars [34].
Lasers in non-surgical periodontal treatment – a review
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2019
Nida Sumra, Rohit Kulshrestha, Vinay Umale, Kshama Chandurkar
Cobb et al. (1992) showed that Nd YAG laser at 1.75 watts (87.5 mJ) and 3 watts (150 mJ) exhibited some degree of laser induced root surface alteration and crater formation ranging in diameter from 0.1 to 1 mm. Calculus deposits exposed to laser and not removed by scaling and root planing were free of surface plaque and exhibited a texture characteristic of melt down and resolidification. The irregular topography of such deposits and the resultant porosity may provide a nidus for recolonization of subgingival bacteria. A post therapy reduction in levels of Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans (AA), Porphyromonas Gingivalis (PG) and Prevotella Intermedia (PI) was suggested in microbial sampling (11). Miyazaki et al. (2003) compared Nd YAG laser with CO2 laser which showed Nd YAG laser at 100 mJ/pulse and 20 Hz is successful in reducing the clinical signs of periodontitis and PG over a 12 week period. CO2 laser at 2 watts (100 mJ) was found to be inefficient in removing the subgingival plaque (5).