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Oral
Published in Keith Hopcroft, Vincent Forte, Symptom Sorter, 2020
COMMON poor dental hygieneheavy smokinggingivitis (including acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), acute and chronic gingivitis)excess alcohol intake (acute and chronic)discharging dental abscess
Bacterial Infections of the Oral Cavity
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
P. S. Manoharan, Praveen Rajesh
Periodontal disease presents as bleeding on probing when it affects the gingiva and the superficial soft tissues in an acute phase. Several Indices are used to detect the health of gingiva (i.e., Ramjford’s, Sillness and Loe, and Loe and Sillness). Noninflammatory enlargement of gingiva may be as a result of chronic use of certain drugs like phenytoin sodium, nifedipine, and certain immunosuppressants. Severe bleeding may be due to vitamin C deficiency (i.e., scurvy) or acute myeloid leukemia. Linear erythema of marginal gingiva with bleeding is noted in HIV. Gingival inflammation can also be present in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and herpetic gingivostomatitis. Gingival enlargement may be due to benign or malignant lesions.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Neil Ritchie, Alasdair Robertson
Gingivitis in HIV patients tends to be more severe than in non-infected patients. Bleeding from the gums can occur with minimal or no trauma. Periodontitis presents as loosening of periodontal attachments. It can progress to acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, which is an ulcerative process along the gingival margin leading to destruction of the periodontal soft tissues. Treatment consists of antibiotics aimed at anaerobic organisms and topical irrigations with chlorhexidine gluconate. If available, a referral to a dentist or oral surgeon should be made early in the process.24
The pharmacological management of dental pain
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Joseph V. Pergolizzi, Peter Magnusson, Jo Ann LeQuang, Christopher Gharibo, Giustino Varrassi
A periapical abscess or pulpitis may develop when the tooth’s enamel is damaged by caries, facilitating a bacterial invasion. Pulpitis describes the infection of the pulp of the tooth. Note that if bacterial growth proceeds in such a way that there is a drainage for the infection, the infection may remain asymptomatic or have such mild and diffuse symptoms that they go unnoticed for days or weeks. Severe infections may move apically toward the bone and into soft tissues, becoming a periodontal abscess. In such cases, the abscess must be incised and drained and antimicrobial therapy initiated [66]. Periodontitis describes an abscess that occurs when pathogens invade the periodontal pocket and cannot find escape, spreading to the alveolar bone and/or adjacent tissue. Periodontitis may occur with the eruption of the wisdom teeth, which, in rare cases, may progress to a localized infection [66]. Periodontal disease also includes any of several types of gingival infections, infections of the periodontal ligament, or infection of the alveolar bone which anchors the tooth in the jaw. This condition may proceed without symptoms for a long time. Gingivitis or inflammation of the gingiva causes pain and bleeding of the gums due to infection. Acute infectious gingivitis may involve ulceration and advance to acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG). Symptoms of ANUG include pain, fever, malaise, and the gingiva will be necrotic [66].
Are periodontal outcomes affected by personality patterns? A 18-month follow-up study
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Carlo Bertoldi, Marco Venuta, Gianpaolo Guaraldi, Michele Lalla, Stefania Guaitolini, Luigi Generali, Daniele Monzani, Pierpaolo Cortellini, Davide Zaffe
Our study was designed to evaluate the relationship between psychological traits, moderate periodontal diseases, dental health and oral hygiene behaviour of the patients with reference to periodontal clinical outcomes. To date, the relationship between periodontal diseases and peculiar psychosocial predisposing factors is established only for some diseases, such as acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and is reportedly associated with anxiety, depression and other emotional disturbances [7,36].
Effect of pH-sensitive nanoparticles on inhibiting oral biofilms
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Xinyu Peng, Qi Han, Xuedong Zhou, Yanyan Chen, Xiaoyu Huang, Xiao Guo, Ruiting Peng, Haohao Wang, Xian Peng, Lei Cheng
Oral health and disease are correlated with the interplay within the oral microbial community (Simon-Soro et al., 2018). According to the ecological plaque hypothesis, many microbial communities maintain a dynamic balance with the host organism in normal conditions (Burne, 2018; Rosier et al., 2018). Changes in the environment can lead to a shift in the microbiota where aciduric and acidogenic species proliferate, ultimately leading to carious lesions (Reyes et al., 2014; Duran-Pinedo & Frias-Lopez, 2015). Nowadays, the therapy of dental caries is associated with a series of serious challenges. For example, CHX has a pernicious effect on both healthy biofilms in a balanced state and cariogenic biofilms in an unbalanced state in the oral cavity, which is not good for the oral microecological balance (Marsh, 1994). Poly(DMAMEA-co-HEMA), as a pH-sensitive carrier, after loading CHX, can only release some CHX in a neutral environment. To further evaluate the effect of p(DH)@CHX on healthy saliva-derived biofilms, we conducted in vitro antibiofilm tests and 16s rDNA sequencing experiments. The results showed that p(DH)@CHX would not impact healthy saliva-derived biofilms when used in the oral environment, avoiding the disruption of the microecological balance. We used 16s rDNA sequencing for microbial community analysis to identify the microbiome of healthy saliva-derived biofilms. As shown in Figure 8(B), the abundance of Peptostreptococcus in the p(DH)@CHX and the CHX groups was less than the control group, while the abundance in the p(DH)@CHX group was slightly higher than in the CHX group. It is worth noting that Peptostreptococcus is a member of the normal flora of the human oral cavity, contributing to its functional stability and microecological balance and health (Sizova et al., 2015). Therefore, we can infer that p(DH)@CHX can reduce the disruption of the microecological balance of CHX. In addition, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Actinobacillus, and Enterobacter accounted for most of the microorganisms in the control group and the least in the p(DH)@CHX group. A previous study demonstrated that V. parvula might participate in caries development through interactions with S. mutans (Liu et al., 2020). Also, it was reported that Enterobacter was one of the main cariogenic genera and played a role in inducing dental caries (Goldberg et al., 1997; Davis et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2021). We can predict that p(DH)@CHX maintained the caries-prevention effect but not the microecological balance. Furthermore, F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans are periodontal pathogenic bacteria. Among them, A. actinomycetemcomitans is the main pathogenic bacteria of aggressive periodontitis (Velliyagounder et al., 2012; Azzimonti et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2020), and F. nucleatum is the main pathogenic bacteria responsible for acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (Tefiku et al., 2020). Thus, it indicated the potential of p(DH)@CHX for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.