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Introduction: Probiotics and Psychopathology
Published in Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin, Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most commercially exploited probiotic microorganisms, used in numerous food products available to consumers. Under normal circumstances (when the host microbiota has not been compromised as a consequence of disease) the gastrointestinal tract is home to some 400-obligate anaerobic bacterial species (Schlundt, 2001; Tannock et al., 2000). Bacterial colonisation begins at birth; bacterial colonisation of the neonates’ gastrointestinal tract begins during the birth process when the neonate comes into contact with maternal cervical and vaginal flora (Bezirtzoglou, 1997). Neonates delivered by caesarean section recieve their bacteria colonisation via contact with the environment. The colonisation of intestinal microflora has a number of beneficial roles, referred to as ‘colonisation resistance’ or the ‘barrier effect’ (Vollaard and Clasener, 1994). This is to say that intestinal flora would resist the recolonization of freshly ingested microorganisms which could include pathogens. As such it could be suggested that dietary manipulation of gut flora in order to increase the relative numbers of ‘beneficial bacteria’ could contribute to the well-being of the host (Schlundt, 2001).
Cholelithiasis and Nephrolithiasis
Published in John K. DiBaise, Carol Rees Parrish, Jon S. Thompson, Short Bowel Syndrome Practical Approach to Management, 2017
The risk of nephrolithiasis increases as a result of enhanced absorption of enteric oxalate in those with colon remaining. Oxalate absorption in the colon is increased by high oxalate intake in the diet. Up to 40% of the daily excretion of oxalate in the urine is from a dietary source; however, oxalate absorption in the intestine depends linearly on the concomitant dietary intake of calcium and is influenced by the bacterial degradation by several bacterial species of intestinal microbiota. The gut-dwelling obligate anaerobe Oxalobacter formigenes has been an area of research interest because of its oxalate-degrading property [54]. A reduction in bacterial breakdown of oxalate due to decreased O. formigenes in the colon of SBS patients has been described [55]. By altering the intestinal bacterial population, probiotics may have the potential to lower oxalate absorption and urinary excretion and may be beneficial in the treatment or prevention of oxalate stones as shown in healthy subjects [56].
Bacteremia
Published in Stephen M. Cohn, Matthew O. Dolich, Kenji Inaba, Acute Care Surgery and Trauma, 2016
Spyridon Fortis, Greg J. Beilman
What is the relevance of the routine use of the anaerobic BC bottle? Classically, two bottles are collected routinely, an aerobic and an anaerobic bottle. However, Murray et al. conducted a retrospective review and demonstrated that the frequency of obligate anaerobic bacteremia has declined significantly and with the exception of obligate anaerobic bacteria, many organisms grow preferentially in aerobic bottles [32]. Based on these results, the routine use of two aerobic BCs with selective use of anaerobic bottles has been proposed in the literature. Grohs and colleagues performed a retrospective study on BCs focusing on the relevance of routine use of the anaerobic bottle and demonstrated that 13.5% of patients with a positive BC had a positive anaerobic bottle in the absence in any positive aerobic bottle and two-thirds of these grew with nonobligate anaerobes. Further, they demonstrated that in 64% of the BCs growing Enterobacter, the anaerobic bottles detected growth earlier than the corresponding aerobic bottle. They concluded that in their institution the use of anaerobic bottle is still relevant [23]. A recent study also showed that the addition of an anaerobic bottle increases the sensitivity [30].
Forget-me-not: Lemierre’s syndrome, a case report
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Benjamin Silverberg, Melinda J Sharon, Devan Makati, Mariah Mott, William D Rose
The great majority of cases follow infection of the palatine tonsils or peritonsillar tissue,16,17 and there may be an association with other bacterial and viral infections such as Strep throat and Epstein-Barr mononucleosis, though this has yet to be proved conclusively.7,11,16–18,23,28 Less than 2% of cases result from ear or dental infections (e.g., otitis media, sinusitis, mastoiditis, sialadenitis).13,20 These infections are thought to cause immunosuppression and disruption of mucosal barriers, spurning the gram-negative bacillus Fusobacterium necrophorum (an obligate anaerobe previously known as Bacillus fundiliformis) to become pathogenic.9,11,31 High-grade bacteremia and septic seeding of vital organs ensues.
Microbiome therapeutics for the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Patricia P Bloom, Vincent B Young
The gut microbiome is clearly implicated in the pathogenesis of CDI and its recurrence. By definition, all patients with rCDI have had a primary CDI episode, for which the first step is development of C. difficile colonization. When C. difficile, an obligate anaerobe, reaches the human colon, the anoxic colonic environment enables C. difficile to survive, proliferate, and produce toxins [8]. A normal, healthy microbiome mediates resistance to C. difficile colonization [9]. Disruption of a healthy microbiome with antibiotics can lead to loss of colonization resistance, and subsequent infection [10]. While antibiotics often precipitate CDI, antibiotics directed against C. difficile are also the standard treatment for CDI, albeit with the risk for further disruption of the indigenous gut microbiota. Antibiotics target the vegetative form of C. difficile, but not the spore form of the pathogen, which later germinate and produce new vegetative cells if colonization resistance is not restored [11]. C. difficile spores are resistant to heat, oxygen, and common disinfectants [12]. When antibiotics are administered to treat vegetative C. difficile in the setting of acute CDI they contribute to further disruption of the gut microbiota. For example vancomycin, a standard treatment for CDI, can extend the microbial disruption caused by the original antibiotic course that predisposed to CDI [13]. After treatment for CDI, if the microbiome does not normalize and restore colonization resistance, that individual is susceptible to rCDI.
Gut metagenomic characteristics of ADHD reveal low Bacteroides ovatus-associated host cognitive impairment
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Yan Li, Haiting Sun, Yufen Huang, Anqi Yin, Linjuan Zhang, Jiao Han, Yixuan Lyu, Xiangzhao Xu, Yifang Zhai, Huan Sun, Ping Wang, Jinyang Zhao, Silong Sun, Hailong Dong, Feng Zhu, Qiang Wang, Luis Augusto Rohde, Xuefeng Xie, Xin Sun, Lize Xiong
Four-week-old SHRs were exposed to Bacteroides ovatus by oral gavage after administration of broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) (Figure 5a). We found that the obligate anaerobic B. ovatus was still viable in the drinking water for at least 6 h (Fig. S5). The ABX+B. ovatus-treated and ABX+Saline-treated SHRs showed restored Shannon diversity (Fig. S6A) and microbiome structure (Fig. S6B) unlike the saline-treated SHRs. The abundance of gut Bacteroides ovatus in SHRs was measured by amplifying its 16S rRNA gene (Fig. S6C). We found that Bacteroides ovatus treatment markedly rescued the spatial working memory and inattention of SHRs in the Y maze test unlike with saline treatment (p = .020, Figure 5b). However, novel object preference was indistinguishable between Bacteroides ovatus-treated and saline-treated SHRs (Figure 5c). Notably, locomotor activities (Figure 5d) and anxiety-like behaviors, including those assessed by the number of buried marbles and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze (Fig. S7), were not changed by supplementation with Bacteroides ovatus. Moreover, we found that Escherichia coli transplantation did not alleviate the impaired spatial working memory and other ADHD-like behaviors in SHRs (Fig. S8). Together, these results suggest that Bacteroides ovatus specifically modulates spatial working memory instead of recognition memory and that memory improvement is not dependent on altered locomotion or anxiety.