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Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Published in S Paige Hertweck, Maggie L Dwiggins, Clinical Protocols in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2022
Associated menstrual symptomsDysmenorrheaNausea/vomiting/diarrhea
Fenugreek in Management of Female-Specific Health Conditions
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Dysmenorrhea is defined as painful cramps of uterine origin that occur during menstruation and represents one of the most common causes of pelvic pain and menstrual disorder (Bernardi et al. 2017). Hypersecretion of prostaglandins (an inflammatory mediator) and increased uterine contractility are significant causes behind severe pain (Bernardi et al. 2017). Recently, the changes in concentration of many proinflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF α), Interleukin-6 (IL6); Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in the pathogenesis of dysmenorrhea and menopause are confirmed (Barcikowska et al. 2020). Furthermore, increased incidences of arthritis, osteoporosis, and inflammatory conditions are associated with post-menopausal women (Ginaldi et al. 2019).
Gynaecology, Fertility and Family Planning
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Zahra Ameen, Kopal Singhal Agarwal, Chawan Baran, Lauren Laws, Maria Garcia de Frutos, Black Benjamin
Patients present with pain with menstruation. Dysmenorrhoea may be:primary – recurrent and not due to other causessecondary – due to other disorders such as adenomyosis, endometriosis, fibroids or infections.
Dysmenorrhea among hospital nurses and its effects on work life*,**,***
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
Zeynep Nilüfer Yöndem, Nevin Çıtak Bilgin
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common menstrual complaints in women of reproductive age (Konapur & Nagaraj, 2014; Tanaka et al., 2013), reported to affect 45%–95% of the female population worldwide, summing to about 855 million women (Iacovides et al., 2015). Researchers conducting work in Egypt, Palestine, Spain, Greece, and China have indicated that the prevalence of dysmenorrhea differs among countries, ranging from 45% to 89% (Abu Helwa et al., 2018; Fernández-Martínez et al., 2018; Nooh et al., 2016; Vlachou et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2016). In Turkey, the prevalence was reported to range between 66.2% and 98% (Aşcı et al., 2015; Kızılırmak et al., 2019; Şahin et al., 2015; Yılmaz & Başer, 2016). Although dysmenorrhea is a medical condition mainly characterized by severe uterine pain, related symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, fatigue, irritability, dizziness, fainting, etc., which are associated with gastrointestinal, neurological, psychological, urinary, and musculoskeletal systems (Chiu et al., 2013; Daşıkan & Saruhan, 2014; Iacovides et al., 2015; Shaji, 2014). Many factors have been shown to affect dysmenorrhea, including young age, smoking, alcohol, obesity, early menarche age, stress, giving birth, family history of dysmenorrhea, and long and intense bleeding cycles (Abaraogu et al., 2016; Chiu et al., 2017; Chuamoor et al., 2012; Fernández-Martínez et al., 2018; Konapur & Nagaraj, 2014; Tomás-Rodríguez et al., 2017).
Numerical rating scale for dysmenorrhea-related pain: a clinimetric study
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Guilherme Tavares de Arruda, Patricia Driusso, Jéssica Cordeiro Rodrigues, Amanda Garcia de Godoy, Mariana Arias Avila
Dysmenorrhea is a gynecological condition defined as menstrual pain of uterine origin that is most common in women of reproductive age [1]. Unlike secondary dysmenorrhea, in which pain is associated with pelvic conditions such as endometriosis and fibroids, primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is believed to be caused by the increased release of prostaglandins during endometrial shedding, leading to muscle ischemia and uterine hypoxia [2]. The worldwide prevalence of dysmenorrhea ranges from 10% to 91.5% [2,3]. In addition to pain, other associated symptoms of dysmenorrhea are fatigue, mood swings, insomnia, nausea, and headaches [2]. Depending on pain intensity, women with dysmenorrhea may have limited physical and social activities [4], absenteeism/presenteeism at school/work [2,3], and a decreased quality of life [5]. Dysmenorrhea is also an economic problem: treatment costs are considerable – about $4,053.00 with complementary and alternative medicine interventions per year [6] – and pain can interfere with a woman’s work productivity [2,6].
Dydrogesterone indications beyond menopausal hormone therapy: an evidence review and woman’s journey
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Several studies have shown that dydrogesterone can provide pain relief in women with dysmenorrhea [15]. A recent single-arm multicenter study reported on 31 women with dysmenorrhea who were treated with oral dydrogesterone 5 mg twice daily from days 5–25 of the menstrual cycle for 4 cycles [13]. A significant decrease in the total dysmenorrhea score was observed after the second menstrual cycle. At final evaluation (after 5 cycles), the mean total dysmenorrhea score was reduced by 1.84 points (40%) from a baseline value of 4.61 (p < .001). A biphasic basal body temperature in 70 % of women at baseline and in 61% of women in the fifth cycle indicated no suppression of ovulation during treatment with dydrogesterone. The results suggest that dydrogesterone is an appropriate option to treat dysmenorrhea.