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Growth and development
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
Bone and sexual maturation are both under the control of androgens and may not have any correlation with chronological age. Girls mature an average of 1-2 years earlier than boys. Testicular enlargement is the first sign of puberty in boys. Breast hypertrophy is common in boys. Menstrual periods are anovulatory in the first year after menarche in most girls.
Breast disorders in children and adolescents
Published in Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent GynecologySecond Edition, 2019
Nirupama K. De Silva, Monica Henning
Neonatal breast hypertrophy is a normal response to maternal estrogen and occurs in both boys and girls in the first weeks of life. Stimulation, such as attempting to squeeze the breast to promote the discharge, may result in persistence of the hypertrophied tissue. Neonatal breast hypertrophy resolves spontaneously, and no treatment is necessary.
Chest
Published in A. Sahib El-Radhi, Paediatric Symptom and Sign Sorter, 2019
Breast development normally occurs in girls aged 8½ to 13½ years in five stages; development is not completed until late teens and early twenties. The vast majority of breast masses in children are usually benign and self-limited. Neonatal bilateral breast hypertrophy due to maternal hormonal influence is a very common finding in both sexes. Breast buds and thelarche may occur in female toddlers; the condition is usually benign if it occurs in isolation. Nonetheless, a lump in the breast is an alarming sign because parents associate any breast swelling with cancer. A thorough history and physical examination, sometimes requiring needle aspiration and biopsy, are essential in any child who has a mass in the breast.
Integrating the Fast-Track surgery concept into the surgical treatment of gynecomastia
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2023
Jinguang He, Jiafei Yang, Tingting Dai, Jiao Wei
Gynecomastia refers to the benign breast hypertrophy in men and is a common finding in young or elderly patients. If the condition has been present for more than one year, it will be unlikely to regress spontaneously or with medical therapy. Thus, surgical treatment will be required if the patient wants a cosmetic improvement [6,7]. Traditionally, the operations are performed in breast or plastic surgery department with various treatment modalities under general anesthesia. Postoperatively, patients remain in hospital to be observed and treated for any potential complications [8,9].
Objective evaluation of nipple position after 336 breast reductions
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2018
Richard Lewin, Emmelie Widmark-Jensen, Nicolina Plate, Emma Hansson
Breast hypertrophy is a condition that can lead to physical symptoms, such as back pain, intertrigo and restrictions in physical activity, as well as to social and psychological symptoms, such as feeling of discomfort and embarrassment in social and intimate situations, depression, anxiety and low self-esteem [1,2]. The goal of a breast reduction is to alleviate the symptoms, that is, to reduce the breast volume/weight, while maintaining a low complication rate, and achieving an optimal cosmetic result [3].
Validation of the breast evaluation questionnaire for breast hypertrophy and breast reduction
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2018
Richard Lewin, Anna Elander, Jonas Lundberg, Emma Hansson, Andri Thorarinsson, Malin Claudelin, Helena Bladh, Mattias Lidén
Regarding content validity, the questionnaire has previously been validated for breast augmentation. However, breast hypertrophy is an entirely different condition with other physical symptoms than breast hypoplasia and the relevance of the items in the questionnaire therefore had to be re-evaluated for a new target population. Both the plastic surgeons and the operated breast hypertrophy patients evaluated the items in the questionnaire as relevant. This is further strengthened by the fact that the questionnaire measures mainly psychosocial aspects and satisfaction with breasts, which might very well be similar in women with hypertrophy and hypoplasia. In fact, the psychosocial aspects are identical for breast hypertrophy and augmentation in the BREAST-Q (augmentation) and the BREAST-Q (breast reduction) [12,13], which further corroborates the use of the same psychosocial items for the two conditions. The correlation to BREAST-Q is strong but not 100%. This means that BREAST-Q may miss aspects that may be covered by the mBEQ. Nonetheless, the comprehensiveness of the items on the mBEQ for breast hypertrophy was not investigated extensively in the present study. It is possible that additional items should have been explored to cover all the psychosocial aspects of breast hypertrophy. This may explain the presence of floor effects, where 28 and 35%, respectively, of preoperative patients reach the floor threshold in the domains of Breast and Naked (Table 9). In other words, the questionnaire might not be able to distinguish between patients with severe hyperplasia and very severe hyperplasia. This also limits the opportunity to detect which patients experience the greatest improvement postoperatively. In brief, the content validity and responsiveness of the questionnaire could be improved, as some extreme items at the lower end of the scale might be missing. In spite of this, there is a clear difference between patients and controls in all dimensions (Table 6) and the responsiveness is significant in all dimensions (Table 8), which supports the belief that the content validity of the instrument is adequate for its purpose.