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Diseases of the Hair
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Rodney Sinclair, Wei-Liang Koh
Laboratory investigations: To rule out contributory causes and associations, serum testosterone and sex hormone––binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), 17-hydroxyprogesterone, thyroid function test, prolactin, fasting glucose and lipids, and adrenal/ovarian imaging can be performed.
Fenugreek
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Testosterone as the main male sex hormone is responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues and anabolic functional in men. Evidence have well indicated that serum total testosterone declines gradually with age (Fabbri et al., 2016). The primary clinical manifestations of low serum total testosterone include decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, fatigue and negative mood states. Secondary outcomes are changes in body composition, including increasing fat mass, decreasing lean body mass and bone mineral density as well as loss of muscle mass and strength (Dandona & Rosenberg, 2010; Kaufman & Vermeulen, 2005), which have significant impact on athletic performance (Wankhede et al., 2016; Wilborn et al., 2010).
The Endocrine System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The sex glands of the body are known as gonads (from the word gone, meaning seed). In the male, the testis (plural, testes) produces the male sex hormones called androgens. The primary hormone is testosterone, which stimulates development of the male secondary sex characteristics and is responsible for libido, or sexual/creative energy. Male sex hormones also perform an exocrine (exo- = outside) function in the production of sperm cells. In the female, the ovaries produce progesterone and estradiol, which control libido, onset of menstruation, and other secondary sex characteristics. Androgens are believed to increase libido and muscular strength and to promote a positive nitrogen balance. The exocrine function of the ovaries is the development and expulsion of the ovum. Sex hormones are discussed in more detail in Chapter 10.
Hedgehog interacting protein as a circulating biomarker in women with obesity: a cross-sectional study and intervention studies
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Hao Wang, Yanping Wang, Hongmin Zhang, Zerong Liang, Wenjing Hu, Sheng Qiu, Ke Li, Lili Zhang, Han Dai, Mengliu Yang, Gangyi Yang, Ling Li
In addition, after treatment, with the amelioration of metabolic disorder, the sex hormone levels decreased significantly, indicating that the hormonal disorder was also corrected. Lira has greater impact on weight loss compared to MET, despite the fact that both GLP-1RA and MET significantly reduced body weight. Importantly, both treatments resulted in a significant increase in Adipoq levels, but Lira treatments exclusively resulted in a significant decrease in HHIP levels. It has been reported that Adipoq is an insulin sensor; therefore, its increase indicates an increase in insulin sensitivity in vivo [37]. The decrease in HHIP levels suggests that its effect may be opposite to that of Adipoq, that is, to promote IR. Therefore, we propose that circulating HHIP could serve as a biomarker that reflects IR and is opposite to Adipoq.
An update on the available and emerging pharmacotherapy for adults with testosterone deficiency available in the USA
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Eliyahu Kresch, Mehul Patel, Thiago Fernandes Negris Lima, Ranjith Ramasamy
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone which plays an integral role in many facets of physiology including embryologic development, spermatogenesis, and development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics throughout puberty and adulthood. Testosterone deficiency (TD) is defined as insufficient production of testosterone combined with symptoms of low serum total testosterone such as decreased muscle mass, osteoporosis, poor erythropoiesis, diminished energy, low libido, and erectile function [1–6]. Etiologically, TD can be separated into primary and secondary TD. Primary TD occurs when there are problems with testosterone production at the level of the testes, whereas secondary TD involves defects in the production of gonadotropin hormones from the hypothalamus or pituitary [7]. Although this review focuses mainly on the treatment of TD from a primary etiology, the principles and medications can be used with any patient that presents with TD. Diagnosing TD can be challenging because of the heterogeneity of symptoms experienced by different individuals but the current definition relies on two criteria: having a low serum testosterone defined by two separate early morning testosterone levels <300 ng/dL as well as manifestations of the aforementioned symptoms.Figure 1Table 1
Role of sex hormones in cervical changes in a cervical excision-related preterm delivery mouse model
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Ki Hoon Ahn, Hee Youn Kim, Geum Joon Cho, Soon Cheol Hong, Min Jeong Oh, Hai Joong Kim
Sex hormones play important roles in the reproductive hormone function. The onset of labour is caused by a remarkable reduction in maternal progesterone levels (Mesiano et al. 2002; Yellon et al. 2013; Welsh et al. 2014). The functional antagonism of the progesterone receptor (PR) results in preterm parturition (Yellon et al. 2013). In contrast, oestrogen induces birth by upregulating the genes associated with myometrial contractility and excitability. PR-A and PR-B mediate progesterone effects and determine progesterone responsiveness (Merlino et al. 2007). In guinea pigs, the mechanism underlying functional progesterone withdrawal involves reducing PR-A and PR-B expression in the uterus during late pregnancy and labour (Welsh et al. 2014). These findings indicate that parturition requires the withdrawal of progesterone and the activation of oestrogen (Mesiano et al. 2002). Similarly, in human parturition, functional progesterone withdrawal and oestrogen activation have been observed (Leavitt et al. 1987; Tsai et al. 1998).