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The patient with acute endocrine problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The adrenal cortex secretes many steroid hormones, collectively known as corticosteroids. In addition to the glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol), the other major groups of adrenocortical hormones include mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) and androgenic hormones (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone – DHEA). Production of cortisol and androgen precursors is controlled by ACTH. The androgen precursors are converted in peripheral tissues to oestrogen and testosterone. Aldosterone production is regulated by angiotensin and potassium. This hormone is the principal sodium-retaining steroid hormone and maintains normal fluid balance and circulating volume.
Basic medicine: physiology
Published in Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill, Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
The adrenal glands are situated above the kidney on each side. They contain an outer cortex, which secretes corticoid hormones (steroids) as well as sex hormones, and an inner medulla, which secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline and can be considered as an extension of the sympathetic nervous system. There are several different steroid hormones and they have a wide range of activities in the body. Hydrocortisone causes breakdown of protein to release glucose and helps the body to cope with stress. Aldosterone prevents loss of sodium in the urine and other body fluids. Removal of both adrenal glands is fatal unless steroid replacement therapy is given. An excessive dose of steroids can lead to Cushing’s syndrome, which is characterized by obesity and hypertension.
Testosterone signaling in spermatogenesis, male fertility and infertility
Published in Rajender Singh, Molecular Signaling in Spermatogenesis and Male Infertility, 2019
Arijit Chakraborty, Vertika Singh, Kiran Singh, Rajender Singh
Steroidogenic enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of various steroid hormones, including progestins, androgens, and estrogens from cholesterol, are several specific cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) and steroid reductases (6). The steroid hormones of the reproductive system are produced primarily in the gonads, although some steroidogenic chemical reactions are also found at peripheral tissue sites. For the male, the steroidogenic pathway is found in the testes and to some extent, in the adrenal glands. Within the testis, steroidogenesis occurs in the Leydig cell. The Leydig cells are interstitial cells that are interspersed between the seminiferous tubules. Inside the Leydig cells, the steroidogenic pathway begins in the cytoplasm and includes chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, where the final end-product, i.e., testosterone, is produced (7). Other active androgenic hormones are produced in the testis as well as at the peripheral tissue sites. In the pathway of steroid hormone biosynthesis, there are two major types of enzymes involved, cytochromes P450 and other steroid oxidoreductases.
The association of sex steroid hormone concentrations with hearing loss: a cross-sectional study
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Huifen Yang, Jing Li, Xinyuan Sun, Wangwei Li, Yuan Wang, Caiqin Huang
Sex steroid hormones include estrogens and androgens, whose concentrations and functions are different in men and women. Traditionally, estrogens and androgens were considered to be female and male hormones, respectively. They were also shown to be multitasking hormones that played prominent roles in libido and reproduction and contributed to physiological and growth mechanisms [3,4]. It has been reported that estradiol protected against noise-induced hearing loss in female mice [5]. Polycystic ovary syndrome patients with increased testosterone levels had a higher rate of hearing loss [6]. Those studies indicated that sex steroid hormone levels may be vital to hearing. Therefore, we extracted hearing condition data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). This study aimed to explore the associations between sex steroid hormones and speech-frequency hearing loss.
Oxytocin modulates steroidogenesis-associated genes and estradiol levels in the placenta
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Sung-Min An, Min Jae Kim, Jea Sic Jeong, So Young Kim, Da Som Kim, Beum-Soo An, Seung Chul Kim
Steroid hormones are primarily produced by a biological process called steroidogenesis, which is the process by which cholesterol is converted into several other steroid hormones. Humans and various mammals use cholesterol to synthesize steroid hormones in the reproductive glands and placenta (Payne and Hales 2004). During pregnancy, multiple steroid hormones released by the placenta perform a variety of roles, including placental trophoblast differentiation, expansion and maturation of the placental vessels, and uterine endovascular invasion by the placental trophoblast (extravillous cytotrophoblast) (Pepe and Albrecht 2008). One study demonstrated that CTB isolated form human placentas are capable of differentiating and fusing spontaneously to form functional STB as well as producing steroid hormones (Kliman et al. 1986). In addition, various studies have conducted research on synthesis of steroid hormones using JEG-3 cells (Samson et al. 2009; Cao et al. 2017; Karahoda et al. 2021). Since the process of synthesizing steroid hormones in the placenta has a large impact on the mother and fetus during pregnancy, in-depth studies on placental steroidogenesis are inevitable.
From diagnosis to treatment of androgen-secreting ovarian tumors: a practical approach
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Patrycja Rojewska, Blazej Meczekalski, Grzegorz Bala, Stefano Luisi, Agnieszka Podfigurna
Androgens are male sex steroid hormones found in both male and females and produced by the adrenal glands and gonads. Hyperandrogenemia develops in women, when androgens are produced and enter circulation in excess. The clinical manifestation of elevated systemic androgen levels presents with hirsutism (excessive growth of dark or coarse hair in the areas specific to males), acne, seborrhea, frontal or male pattern balding, deepening or decreased vocal register, increased libido, increased muscle mass, and clitoromegaly. Due to peripheral aromatization of androgens to estrogens, vaginal bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia, or even endometrial cancer may occur in postmenopausal patients [1]. This spectrum of symptoms, when present in women, usually leads to emotional distress and decreased reported quality of life.