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Imaging as an Important Tool for Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Priyanka Mudaliar, Shafina Siddiqui, Sangeeta Ballav, Narrayan Raam Shankar, Soumya Basu, Jyotirmoi Aich
Mammography is a two-dimensional (2D) imaging method that focuses on morphological characteristics of breast cancer [1]. In this technique, the breast tissue is compressed between two firm parallel plates. A low energy x-ray (25–32 kVp) is used to create 2D radiographic images of these tissues which are either recorded on a film or saved instantly on a computer [2]. The BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System), formed by the American College of Radiology, specifies precise terminology for reporting breast radiography [3]. The American College of Radiology along with other institutes also recommended annual mammograms for women starting at age of 40 [4].
Mammography and Interventional Breast Procedures
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
In today's medical and economic environment, surgical treatment of breast cancer is usually a two-step procedure. Surgical biopsy is followed by a definitive procedure either lumpectomy with or without axillary dissection or mastectomy with or without reconstruction. However, because of core needle biopsy, this pattern is changing. Before biopsy, radiologist and referring physician should consider whether a specific tissue diagnosis by needle biopsy will improve patient care. If the procedure shortens the diagnostic process and potentially replaces the surgical biopsy, it is valuable and should be done. There has been some controversy regarding the indications of stereotactic core needle breast biopsy. Radiologists recommend biopsy based on the level of suspicion associated with a mammographic lesion [189]. American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) suggests a standardized method of breast imaging reporting including five categories which correlate with level of suspicious of mammographic lesions [29] and indication of stereotactic core needle breast biopsy.
Breast cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Sarah J Vinnicombe, Alexandra Athanasiou
US elastography has generated much interest recently. Techniques used include strain elastography, shear wave elastography (SWE), and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging. The various outputs all reflect tissue stiffness, which is increased in and around cancers. SWE has the advantage of being quantifiable and readily reproducible; it increases the specificity of greyscale US and could be used to decrease the number of benign biopsies of solid US BI-RADS category 3 lesions (73–75). Tumoural stiffness has also been shown to correlate with prognostic indicators, e.g. grade and nodal status (76).
Feasibility and efficacy of ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound of breast fibroadenoma
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Mengdi Liang, Zhizheng Zhang, Cai Zhang, Rui Chen, Yao Xiao, Zi Li, Tao Li, Yuelin Liu, Lijun Ling, Hui Xie, Lin Chen, Xiaoan Liu, Shui Wang, Tiansong Xia
This prospective study has been registered in Clinical-Trials.gov (ChiCTR2100050068) and approved by the institutional ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (2020-SR-130). A written informed consent was obtained from each patient. From January 2021 to November 2022, a total of 113 patients diagnosed with breast fibroadenoma by core-needle biopsy in our hospital were recruited and underwent USgHIFU at our department. And the clinical outcome of 85 patients with a follow-up time of more than 3 months was analyzed in this study. The inclusion criterion included the following: (a) patients were older than 18 years; (b) the Breast Imaging Recording and Data System (BI-RADS) score ≤3 by ultrasound and mammography in addition for women older than 35 years; (c) breast fibroadenoma proved by core-needle biopsy; (d) the maximum diameter of lesion was between 5 and 40 mm; and (e) fibroadenomas with a safe acoustic pathway and the focus can reach the target. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (a) pathological diagnosis of breast cancer; (b) BI-RADS score ≥4; (c) pregnant or lactating women; (d) patients with evidence of coagulopathy, chronic liver diseases or renal failure; and (e) patients with breast implants.
What influence does mammographic density have on breast cancer occurrence?
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2022
Aanchal Mathur, Sebastien Taurin
The Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS), developed by the American College of Radiology, is commonly used in the clinic to classify mammographic density and to minimize the variability in the interpretation of mammograms [5]. The BI-RADS divides mammographic density into four categories; the first two BI-RADS categories a and b group breast tissues are composed essentially of adipose tissue and scattered patterns of dense tissues, respectively. Category c describes breast tissue that is heterogeneously dense, while breasts with an extreme mammographic density constitute category d [6]. The prevalence of dense breast tissues (categories c and d) is approximately 50% among women aged between 40 to 74 years living in the US; a trend similarly observed in Europe and countries of European ancestry, Asia including the Middle East region, but more contrasted in Africa [5].
Breast cancer glycan biomarkers: their link to tumour cell metabolism and their perspectives in clinical practice
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Tomas Bertok, Veronika Pinkova Gajdosova, Aniko Bertokova, Natalia Svecova, Peter Kasak, Jan Tkac
Genetic predispositions to BCa significantly affect not only screening but also follow-up recommendations. Patients with a family history very often exhibit a mutation in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, PTEN (85% lifetime risk), PT53, CDH1 and STK1 (highly penetrant) or CHEK2, BRIP1, ATM and PALB2 (moderately penetrant) genes [22]. However, magnetic resonance-imaging is still the most sensitive and accessible procedure used for BCa diagnostics. Similarly to prostate’s MRI PI-RADS system, BI-RADS is being used as a tool to make a decision as to whether to proceed further with a breast biopsy (with BI-RADS 3 and above, biopsy is usually considered, with 5 being the highest score). For different results of biopsy concordant/discordant benign/malignant (i.e. depending on whether the lesion is thought to be benign/malignant prior to the core needle biopsy result), different follow-ups (short-term or annual) are usually needed [23]. If biochemical markers are used for the diagnostics/prognostics of BCa, very often a multiplexed format of analysis is required [24], like one recently published, to achieve high assay accuracy [25].