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Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
Supratentorial effects on sensory systems have been well described. For instance, visual stimuli can impact upon interpretation of auditory stimuli, the McGurk effect. Attention to the presence of olfaction in the ambient environment reduces olfactory threshold, enhancing olfaction perception (Schwartz 1991). In diseased states, the environmental context can impact upon sensory perception. Visually ambiguous photos such as Escher’s Angels and Devils, or the Rorschach Test are interpreted based on emotional tone at the time. Similarly, illusions such as the Muller-Lyer illusion and Railroad Tie illusion are dependent upon environmental context. Olfactory windows occurring in the presence of visual cues have been noted, as well as dysosmia associated with environmental contextual situations. However, phantosmia, heretofore has not been reported to occur, only in the presence of contextual stimuli. Possibly the supratentorial component of phantosmia regulates the activation of this phenomenon, and expectation effect is enough to induce such symptoms. In those who manifest phantosmia, query as to environmental context within which they occur may reveal underlying psychological underpinnings for such sensory hallucinations.
Sources of information in the assessment process
Published in Helen Taylor, Ian Stuart-Hamilton, Assessing the Nursing and Care Needs of Older Adults, 2021
The senses are the data sources of the brain and thus its means of contact with internal and external environments. Any decline in sensory acuity will not only impair the input of data (and therefore the quantity and quality of the information that the brain can access), but will also compromise intellectual functioning.39 Such a decline is often associated with ageing. For example, older adults may need to be exposed to visual stimuli for longer than younger adults if their brain is to be able to identify the object that is being seen.39 Visual recognition may therefore be impaired, and the processing of visual stimuli is also slower. Facets of hearing may also be defective.39
Assessing Paediatric Development in Psychiatry
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
The temporal lobe is thought to be involved in this process of identifying objects in relation to semantic class (meaning of the word) and the young child’s developing language lexicon (the internal filing system, allowing quick recall of an object’s identity and vague function), incorporating this with declarative memory (explicit or factual memory) and emotional responses associated with previous encounters with such objects or situations. This facilitates further development/learning of language and other higher cerebral functions and allows quick, reflex responses to visual stimuli that might be associated with danger or approached with caution.
Experiences of occupational therapists using telehealth to continue to treat patients with low vision during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 2022
Amy Lamont, Kasey Brown, Kim Schoessow
Participants described technology and environmental modifications made for telehealth sessions with their clients with visual impairments due to virtual platform inaccessibility. Though lighting and environmental considerations are important for in-person consultations, these were highly emphasised by many participants as something they considered before conducting telehealth sessions, in order to be conducive for their clients with low vision and thus included. Participant 5 explained, You just need to have certain accommodations in place and a lot of them have to do with the environment. Things like … using high contrast images, reducing visual clutter.Utilising backlighting as opposed to distraction lighting, like glare, limiting the amount of visual stimuli at once. Using movement to your advantage. Considering their preferred visual field.Because of this, participants described taking particular measures while on a video session. For instance, two OTs mentioned ensuring their video background was plain and non-distracting such as a blank wall or virtual background. Participants also described how they wore plain, solid colour clothing and dark-rimmed glasses to provide contrast against their fair skin during sessions. It was noted that this was particularly important, as faces can be hard to identify for those with visual impairments.
Identification of emotions and physiological response in individuals with moderate intellectual disability
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2021
Agustín Ernesto Martínez-González, Alejandro Veas
Currently, the scientific community is investigating the relationship between emotional reactions and visual stimuli of a sexual nature (Chivers 2017). The model of information processing, and specifically the attentional factors, may be related to sexual orientations when images of an erotic type are shown (Chivers 2017, Sennwald et al.2016). Thus, visual stimuli with a sexual connotation can generate emotional reactions of different intensities. The increase in physiological activity may be due to the fact that the erotic visual stimulus is pleasant. However, this sexual visual stimulus may cause a negative emotional response (Chivers 2017, Sennwald et al.2016, Strahler et al.2018). The study of emotions and sexual relations in people with MID has been of great interest for both the scientific community and professionals in the field of intellectual disability. There is a lack of knowledge on the visual stimuli that cause the emergence of sexual desire in people with MID. Indeed, they can be considered asexual or hyper sexual (Kramers-Olen 2017). Studies have found low levels of sexual desire in people with MID (e.g., Ignagni et al.2016). Some studies have indicated that this tendency may be due to factors such as overprotection, lack of skills and knowledge (Hollomotz 2011, Stoffelen et al.2017), lack of privacy (Hollomotz 2008), and experiences of sexual abuse (Stoffelen et al. 2017) in people with MID.
Short-term effects of nicotine gum on facial detection in healthy nonsmokers: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2020
Thiago P. Fernandes, Pamela D. Butler, Stephanye J. Rodrigues, Gabriella M. Silva, Marcos V. Anchieta, Jandirlly J. S. Souto, Giulliana H. V. Gomes, Natalia L. Almeida, Natanael A. Santos
As observed in past studies,9,12 tobacco misuse resulted in early-stage visual processing impairments. However, nicotine is only one of the numerous existing components of cigarettes and other products that contain tobacco. Many of these components are damaging to health. In addition, use of these products also involves the factor of smoke inhalation. In the mammalian brain, different types of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are located in pathways from the retina to the primary visual cortex. The visual cortex is involved in processing elementary visual stimuli (e.g., form), but also in more complex processes such as face detection (Silva et al., 2020). Factors other than expression of nAChRs in the brain may also be involved in improvement in face detection by nicotine gum. These include age, BMI, and gene expression which may alter the efficacy of nicotine gum.42,43 The efficacy of the 2-mg dose is in agreement with the association of nAChRs and nicotine, but the reason for lower performance in the 4-mg condition is not clear and needs further study. The 4-mg dose produces a maximum peak plasma level similar to that of one cigarette. Smoking impairs visual function8–10 so that this dose may impair visual function by producing effects similar to smoking one cigarette. The effects of smoking, with the many components in cigarettes including smoke versus the effects of nicotine itself (as seen in the gum) need further clarification as does the dose-response curve of nicotine.