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Neuromuscular Physiology
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
In 1906, Sherrington (167) noted that proprioceptors consisted of end organs that are “stimulated by the body itself.” Proprioceptors are somatosensory organs found in locations such that information concerning various aspects of position and movement such as joint angle, muscle length–tension–speed characteristics, and contact with surfaces can be accumulated and “interpreted” by the nervous system. These types of proprioceptors are in essence mechanoreceptors. The nervous system can use this information to adjust the following muscle actions by way of feedback loops. Much of this sensory “guidance” can operate in negative feedback loops forming reflexes, allowing motor activity to become self-regulating.
Pain
Published in Michele Barletta, Jane Quandt, Rachel Reed, Equine Anesthesia and Pain Management, 2023
Jarred Williams, Katie Seabaugh, Molly Shepard, Dana Peroni
Transduction: Initiation of a nerve impulse. A noxious stimuli (chemical, electrical, mechanical, or thermal) occurs.Peripheral afferent nerve endings (nociceptors) detect the stimuli and convert (transduce) the signal to electrical energy.Types of nociceptors include mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and visceral nociceptors (for visceral pain).
Neurophysiology of Joints
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
Håkan Johansson, Per Sjölander
All three types of mechanoreceptors are most frequently found just beneath the external synovial membrane or close to the bony insertions (Fig. 2B), either superficially or deeper in the ligamentous connective tissue (2,3, 8,32,43,46,53,55). Sometimes Ruffini endorgans and Pacinian corpuscles occur in the vicinity of blood vessels and nerve fascicles (Fig. 2D). Golgi tendon organlike endings, on the other hand, are usually observed in the collagenous univascular substance of the ligaments (Fig. 2C). Interestingly, at least for some ligaments (e.g., cruciate ligaments of the knee joint), Ruffini endorgans as well as Pacinian corpuscles have also been observed within the condylar cartilage of the bone attachment of the ligaments (53).
Laser-Pointer assisted angle reproduction test (LP-ART): reliability, performance, and correlation with shoulder pain and disability in patients with subacromial pain syndrome
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Isabela Forcin Favaro, Jaqueline Martins, Denise Martineli Rossi, Eduardo de Lima Boarati, Mayra Felippe de Morais, Anamaria Siriani Oliveira
Proprioception refers to the ability to integrate sensory information for mechanoreceptors or proprioceptors and determine the joint position sense and movements of the body segments in the absence of visual feedback (Han et al. 2016). Proprioception can be evaluated by the active or passive sense of joint positioning, joint movement (kinesthesia), and force (Riemann and Lephart, 2002). Passive joint position sense evaluation seems to be more reliable than active joint tests of the shoulder complex (Ager et al. 2017). However, active joint position sense evaluation better reproduces the similarity between assessment and functionality in the context of daily life than other tests (Han et al. 2016; Lönn, Crenshaw, Djupsjöbacka, and Johansson, 2000; Suprak, Osternig, Donkelaar, and Karduna, 2006).
Acuity of goal-directed arm movements and movement control; evaluation of differences between patients with persistent neck/shoulder pain and healthy controls
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2022
Björn Aasa, Jonas Sandlund, Thomas Rudolfsson, Ulrika Aasa
Understanding patients’ functional impairments and activity limitations, and their potential origins is important for assessment and rehabilitation. Many patients with pain in the neck/shoulder region have problems performing daily activities involving hand and neck movements [1,2]. One of the many dynamic and interacting factors that may be associated with their compromised function and activity limitations could be altered movement coordination strategies [3]. It is the central nervous system (CNS) that controls movements and joint stability (‘the joint remaining or promptly returning to proper alignment through an equalisation of forces’ [4]). The CNS control requires well integrated information from both visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems, including proprioception. Proprioception involves conscious or unconscious awareness of joint position sense and is the product of afferent information from the mechanoreceptors in the muscle-tendon unit, joint, fascia and skin transmissioned to the CNS [5]. It has earlier been shown that patients with acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in the upper quadrant show impairments in proprioception [6–12]. Notably, the information from the mechanoreceptors is integrated with visual and vestibular information and processed at many CNS-levels before activation of skeletal muscles [13].
Mechano-gated channels in C. elegans
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
The degenerin (DEG) and epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are a metazoan superfamily of cation channels, with homologous sequences and protein structures, expressed in epithelial cells to the nervous system (Lumpkin, Marshall, & Nelson, 2010) (Figure 2). DEG/ENaC ion channels have been involved in numerous biophysiological functions particularly sensory responses in nematodes, flies, and mammals (Hill & Ben-Shahar, 2018). The epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) family is a voltage independent and amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel which transport ions from epithelial cells and act as acid sensing ion channels that may contribute to pain perception and mechanosensation (Chalfie, 2009). In contrast, degenerins (DEG) are C. elegans specific ion channels characterized for the unusual gain-of- function mutations which induce degenerations like swelling, vacuolation and eventually cell death (Hall et al., 1997). So far, about 30 genes encoding DEG/ENaC superfamily have been discovered in the C. elegans genome (Fechner et al., 2020). Studies in mechanoreceptor currents of DEG/ENaC channels revealed similarities to mechanoelectrical transduction of gentle and nociceptive mechanical stimuli. Classical genetic, molecular and electrophysiological approaches enabled us to identify several DEG/ENaC family members implicated in gentle or harsh touch‐transduction mechanisms (Chalfie, 2009; Geffeney et al., 2011).