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Control of Movement and Posture
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
λ is specified by central commands to α-motoneurons, γ-motoneurons, and associated interneurons. The shape of an IC, which is essentially an active force-length characteristic, is influenced by all the peripheral inputs that can act on the α-motoneurons either directly or through interneurons. These inputs include those from proprioceptors of all the muscles and joints involved in the movement as well as cutaneous receptors that may be activated by changes in muscle length or joint position. The pathways involved by these peripheral inputs need not be exclusively spinal; they could include supraspinal centers as well. However, the peripheral inputs that determine the shape of a given IC are involuntary and are commonly referred to as reflex effects. In other words, the shape of the IC is, in general, determined not by the stretch reflex alone, but by all reflexes that involve α-motoneurons, γ-motoneurons, and associated interneurons.
Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry of Mammalian Skin
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Several attempts have been made to establish a method of classification of nerve receptors. Physiologists assign a classification based on their function.248 Morphologists classify receptors based on their structure. Morphologically, cutaneous receptors can be classified into corpuscular endings and free nerve endings.137
Temperature Regulation
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Control of autonomic responses is determined predominantly by input from core structures. The range of core temperatures over which no autonomic thermoregulatory responses occur is called the interthreshold range. The interthreshold range is 37°C ± 0.2°C in a non-anaesthetized state (i.e., between 36.7°C and 37.1°C). The threshold temperatures are influenced by circadian rhythms, food intake, thyroid function, drugs and thermal adaptation to warm or cold ambient temperatures. Impaired central regulation is present in the elderly and the critically ill patient. At the upper end of the threshold, sweating begins, whereas vasoconstriction commences at the lower end. These thresholds may be 0.3°C–0.5°C higher in women. The ‘gain’ of the response is the rate of response to a change in temperature (Figure 68.1). In contrast, afferent input from cutaneous receptors appears to be more important in controlling behavioural responses to temperature.
Effect of external lumbar supports on joint position sense, postural control, and postural adjustment: a systematic review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Fatemeh Azadinia, Idsart Kingma, Masood Mazaheri
Various mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain change of JPS and postural control following use of lumbar orthosis, where the most significant effects were located. Enhanced proprioceptive acuity through stimulation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors is one of the proposed mechanisms. Previous research has noted that feedbacks from skin receptors improve various aspects of motor control including proprioception [62] and postural sway [63]. However, the skin contribution to improved JPS following application of orthosis can rapidly decrease over time. For instance, Newcomer et al. [12] found a reduction in JPS as an immediate effect of wearing orthosis in LBP patients but no change after two hours of wearing orthosis. A possible justification for these findings is the rapid adaptation of cutaneous receptors and losing their sensitivity to tactile pressure over time [64]. Furthermore, based on the findings of the study by Samani et al. [37], the JPS error decreased after 4 weeks of wearing orthosis. Given that they evaluated proprioception without wearing an orthosis, the improvement in proprioception could not be attributed to an increase in tactile sensation.
Addition of Kinesio Taping of the orbicularis oris muscles to speech therapy rapidly improves drooling in children with neurological disorders
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2019
Denise Lica Yoshimura Mikami, Cristina Lemos Barbosa Furia, Alexis Fonseca Welker
The noninvasive Kinesio Taping (KT) method has been demonstrated to improve body function and proprioception as an adjunctive treatment in several conditions, including musculoskeletal disorders, joint misalignment, pain and neurological disorders.11,12 Some studies have documented the effects of KT, a form of elastic-bandage therapy, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hypotheses include activation of cutaneous receptors, which could influence neuromuscular functions and improve proprioception.11,13 In children with cerebral palsy, KT applied to the upper and lower extremities and back has been found to improve physical fitness, gross motor function, and performance in activities of daily living.12–16 However, neurological disorders can also affect intellectual level, sensitivity, and muscle tone of the oral cavity at rest, contributing to an inability by patients to manage oral secretions and maintain lip seal.17 Indeed, a previous investigation showed an association between drooling and lip seal in children with cerebral palsy.18
Quantitative sensory profiles of upper extremity chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy: Are there differences in sensory profiles for neuropathic versus nociceptive pain?
Published in Canadian Journal of Pain, 2019
Elizabeth Andersen Hammond, Marshall Pitz, Pascal Lambert, Barbara Shay
Cold allodynia (commonly associated with neuropathic pain) and reduced pain pressure thresholds (suggested to represent relative hyperalgesia) demonstrated no significant between-group differences. This was surprising and unexpected; however, it is possible that the mechanisms causing CIPN (microtubule stability at the distal axon) do not result in different sensory profiles sensitive to QST measurement. Neuropathic pain is thought to be initiated and maintained, at least partly, by the immune system. Microglia and mast cell activation along with the recruitment of astrocytes incite and maintain neuroinflammation.27–30 Neuroimmune changes may not primarily affect the cutaneous receptors that are involved in QST measurement. Neuropathic pain may primarily impact higher order processing and interpretation of pain in the central nervous system.