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The Limbic System
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
Basal ganglia. The basal ganglia are well known for their involvement in motor function and the extrapyramidal system. One part of the basal ganglia, the striatum, is composed of the caudate, putamen, olfactory tubercle, and nucleus accumbens. The caudate nucleus has recently received attention for its role in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome, but these are problems not usually encountered in the CFS patient. It has been implicated in memory function and pain modulation, symptoms of obvious relevance in CFS. The striatal areas which receive limbic projections are the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. These structures are known as the limbic striatum. They have been investigated for their role in schizophrenia and have predominantly dopaminergic innervation, but involvement of these limbic mechanisms in CFS is somewhat speculative, since dopaminergic agonists or antagonists have little effect on the illness. Dopamine precursors have more of a role in experimental preparations. The other component of the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus, also has preferential limbic affiliations. Neurons in the ventral pallidum respond to amygdaloid stimulation, perhaps mediated through the nucleus accumbens.
Neurobiological Substrates Mediating the Reinforcing Effects of Psychomotor Stimulant and Opiate Drugs
Published in Edythe D. London, Imaging Drug Action in the Brain, 2017
Carol B. Hubner, George F. Koob
Of particular importance is the finding that the nucleus accumbens and the region of the ventral pallidum are involved in both opiate and stimulant reinforcement. At the level of the nucleus accumbens, there is a distinction in the involvement of dopamine. The region of the ventral pallidum may be a common link for both stimulant and opiate reinforcement. A better understanding of the functioning of these neuroanatomical regions in reinforcement will increase our understanding of drug-taking behavior and the addiction process.
Neuroanatomy of basic cognitive function
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Jessica G. Ashley, Matthew J. Ashley
The basal ganglia are comprised of multiple subcortical nuclei: the dorsal striatum (comprised of the caudate nucleus and putamen), the ventral striatum (comprised of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), the globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus. The striatum receives input from the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brain stem and projects to the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra. The globus pallidus and substantia nigra, in turn, form the major output projections from the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia are involved in a variety of behaviors, including voluntary movement; sensorimotor coordination; response selection and initiation; and skeletomotor, oculomotor, cognitive, and emotional functions.41,42 The caudate may be involved in selection of behavior based upon changing values of goals, knowledge of which actions lead to what outcomes, and goal-directed action via its connections with the frontal lobe.43 Basal ganglia output is back to the cortex via the thalamus or to the brain stem. The basal ganglia serve as an important system linking the thalamus and cerebral cortex. Information that originates from a specific cortical area may be returned from the thalamus to other cortical areas.
A single dose of ketamine cannot prevent protracted stress-induced anhedonia and neuroinflammation in rats
Published in Stress, 2022
Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro, Cyprien G. J. Guerrin, Luiza Reali Nazario, Bruno Lima Giacobbo, Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx, Jimmy Stehberg, Erik F. J. de Vries, Janine Doorduin
Tracer uptake was calculated in several pre-defined volumes-of-interest (VOI), representing brain regions of sufficiently large size. Small brain regions were excluded to minimize the partial volume effects (Lehnert et al., 2012), due to the limited resolution of the PET scanner (1.4 mm) (Marx et al., 2012). Therefore, the selected brain regions were the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), cerebellum, corpus callosum, entorhinal cortex, frontal association cortex, insular cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, striatum (which included the nucleus accumbens), temporal cortex, olfactory cortex, occipital cortex, parietal cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, brainstem and basal ganglia (which included olfactory tubercle, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and the ventral tegmental area (VTA)).
Emerging therapeutic targets for schizophrenia: a framework for novel treatment strategies for psychosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Susan F. Sonnenschein, A Grace
The methyazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) neurodevelopmental rodent model [64,65] has demonstrated that increased pyramidal neuron activity in the hippocampus leads to an increased number of spontaneously active DA neurons available for phasic DA release. The offspring of pregnant females that receive an injection of MAM at gestational day (GD) 17 develop adult phenotypes relevant to schizophrenia, in contrast to the offspring of pregnant females that receive a saline (SAL) injection [64,66,67]. Similar to findings in schizophrenia patients [17], MAM rats show loss of PV+ interneurons in the hippocampus [63], resulting in an increase in pyramidal cell activity and a baseline hyperactive state [68]. The subiculum of the hippocampus extends glutamatergic projections to the nucleus accumbens, which in turn inhibits the ventral pallidum [69,70]. The ventral pallidum holds a variable proportion of DA neurons in the VTA in a hyperpolarized state. As a consequence of hippocampal hyperactivity, greater inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the ventral pallidum results in reduced inhibitory hold on DA neurons in the VTA and an increase in the number of spontaneously active DA neurons compared to control rats [68]. This circuit is normally adaptive to environmental stimuli to set the gain of DA neurotransmission. However, with abnormally increased activity of the hippocampus, the DA neuron population activity is proposed to be set at a high gain state, allowing for increased release of DA in the striatum, consistent with clinical studies in patients with schizophrenia [42,63,68] Figure 1.
Drug treatment strategies for depression in Parkinson disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Melody Ryan, Courtney V. Eatmon, John T. Slevin
The classical pathophysiology of PD primarily concerns the area of the brain known as the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia (BG) is composed of the striatum, globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It has extensive connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. The motor function of the BG is well documented and the amygdala and striato-pallidal circuits are likely involved in the cognitive and emotional/motivational functions of this area [36,37]. More of the emotional components of the brain such as the limbic system are likely involved in the depression and cognitive dysfunction that may accompany PD. The limbic system consists of many structures, including some areas of the cortex such as the hippocampus, some subcortical areas such as the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens, the hypothalamus with its connections to the reticular formation and the thalamus, and the anterior nuclei of the thalamus. The limbic system is involved in learning, memory, emotion, and motivation. The amygdala receives projections from the thalamus and, indirectly, from the cortex [38]. In depression associated with PD, there are changes in brain structure and function and in neurotransmitters and cytokines within the brain.