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Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The cerebellum is connected to the dorsal aspect of the brainstem by three large fiber bundles on either side, referred to as the cerebellar peduncles, and identified as: the inferior cerebellar peduncle, or restiform body, the middle cerebellar peduncle, or brachium pontis, and the superior cerebellar peduncle, or brachium conjunctivum.
Anatomical and Biological Imaging of Pediatric Brain Tumor
Published in David A. Walker, Giorgio Perilongo, Roger E. Taylor, Ian F. Pollack, Brain and Spinal Tumors of Childhood, 2020
Rob A. Dineen, Shivaram Avula, Andrew C. Peet, Giovanni Morana, Monika Warmuth-Metz
DTI studies have helped increase the understanding of the pathophysiology of postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS). Injury to the efferent cerebellar pathway has been implicated in its causation and DTI studies have shown bilateral involvement of the superior cerebellar peduncle to be strongly associated with CMS.39,40 Law et al.41 have shown significant increase in mean and axial diffusivities of the right cerebellar region in children with CMS. DTI studies have also revealed decreased frontocerebellar tract volumes in children with CMS.42
General Synonyms
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
For the more (most) rostral of two or more similar structures in the spinal cord or brain stem. “Cranial” may be used chiefly by some authors who received their primary training in Great Britain. 1a. cranial colliculus (M&M, p. 39)1b. superior colliculus (B&K, p. 88)2a. cranial cerebellar peduncle (M&M, p. 46)2b. superior cerebellar peduncle (B&K, p. 157)3a. cranial medullary velum (M&M, p. 46)3b. superior medullary velum (B&K, p.86)
Cerebellar degeneration in primary lateral sclerosis: an under-recognized facet of PLS
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2022
Eoin Finegan, We Fong Siah, Stacey Li Hi Shing, Rangariroyashe H. Chipika, Orla Hardiman, Peter Bede
The analyses of white matter diffusion metrics highlight the involvement of the cerebellar peduncles. The superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles provide the structural connection between the cerebellum and the brainstem. Our region-of-interest diffusivity analyses confirmed increased RD in the bilateral superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles and FA reductions in the inferior cerebellar peduncles. Additionally, our voxelwise analyses detected radial diffusivity alterations in the middle cerebellar peduncles. The superior cerebellar peduncles are the primary output tracts of the cerebellum connecting the cerebellar nuclei to the contralateral cortex via the ventral lateral nuclei, although they also contain spinocerebellar afferents (54,55). It is noteworthy, that the ventral lateral thalamic nuclei have previously been found to be affected in PLS (56,57). Superior cerebellar peduncle involvement has been described in a previous study of 3 PLS patients, in whom significantly lower FA was recorded in comparison with controls (58). Cerebellar peduncle white matter abnormalities have been consistently reported in ALS (59–61) and linked to impaired cerebro-cerebellar connectivity, including projections to the primary and supplementary motor cortices (59). MCP integrity changes have also been consistently described in ALS (59,62). The involvement of the MCP has been demonstrated in PLS patients and has been linked to pseudobulbar affect (PBA), supporting the concept of cerebellar deafferentation in the pathogenesis of PBA (35).
Prospective longitudinal decline in cognitive-communication skills following treatment for childhood brain tumor
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Kimberley M. Docking, Stefani R. Knijnik
Di Rocco et al. (35) and Turkel et al. (36) reported that children with cerebellar damage exhibit deficits in processing verbal intelligence and complex language tasks. Also, approximately one-third of the participants in both reported studies presented with pre-surgical memory and attentional difficulties, and problems with planning and visuo-spatial skills. Such findings of reduced problem solving clearly have potential to relate to a direct impact on cerebellar function in the present study (CBT2). It is also considered that a presentation of reduced problem-solving ability at initial assessment followed by a pattern of decline may highlight a structural and functional deterioration that more closely relates to recognized treatment effects associated with radiotherapy use in childhood patients (7–10,17,18,20). Di Rocco et al. (35) also pointed out that brainstem tumor infiltration of the right superior cerebellar peduncle was consistently related to the occurrence of post-operative pediatric Cerebellar Mutism Syndrome (pCMS), which includes language impairment.
Injury of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract in a patient with intentional tremor after mild traumatic brain injury: a case report
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Min Cheol Chang, Jeong Pyo Seo
DTI data were acquired 1.5 months (prior to initiating oral medication with propranolol) after the accident using a 1.5 T (Philips, Ltd, Best, The Netherlands) with 32 gradients. Imaging parameters were as follows: acquisition matrix = 96 x 96; reconstruction matrix = 192 x 192; field of view = 240 x 240 mm2; echo time = 10,398 ms; repetition time = 72 ms; b = 1000 s/mm2; and slice thickness of 2.5 mm. Before the fiber tracking, eddy current correction was applied to correct the head motion effect and image distortion using the Oxford Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB) Software Library (12). For fiber tracking, we used the FMRIB Software Library with a probability threshold of 2 streamlines (12). For reconstruction of the DRTT, a seed region of interest (ROI) was placed on the dentate nucleus behind the floor of the fourth ventricle on the coronal image (13). Two target ROIs were selected at the junction of the superior cerebellar peduncle between the upper pons and cerebellum on the coronal image and the contralateral red nucleus of the upper midbrain on the axial image (13). For the CPCT, a seed ROI was applied to the axial primary sensorimotor cortex image and two target ROIs were defined: one on the anterior portion of the pons on the axial image and one on the contralateral middle cerebellar peduncle on the coronal image (14).