China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Facial anatomy
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Although most of the fluid in blood is returned to the heart by blood vessels, a small portion remains as extracellular interstitial fluid. This fluid is high in white cells and drains into tiny, blind-ended, highly permeable lymph capillaries which collect fluid from surrounding tissues, carrying it into larger lymph vessels, which, in turn, drain into lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels entering a lymph node are called afferent lymph vessels, and those leaving lymph nodes are called efferent lymph vessels. The lymphatic system has no central pump like the heart and instead relies on peristalsis of the lymph vessels themselves, as well as contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles. Anything which impairs lymphatic drainage, such as damage to lymph vessels or muscle paralysis, can cause an accumulation of tissue fluid, leading to lymphoedema and swelling. This can give a poor cosmetic result and may also leave patients at risk of infection.
Ophthalmic Injuries
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
It should be remembered that abnormalities of efferent pupillary function (variation in pupil size) may be caused by injury or disease of the eye, of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves supplying the pupil, and disease of the brain.
Cranial Neuropathies II, III, IV, and VI
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Tanyatuth Padungkiatsagul, Heather E. Moss
Efferent pupillary function is governed by two autonomic systems. The sympathetic system produces pupillary dilation through oculosympathetic pathway, which controls iris dilator muscles. The parasympathetic system causes iris constriction via iris constrictor muscles. In normal function, the size of the pupils is equal, governed by the relative tone of the two systems. In addition, the pupil sizes adjust to light and near focus. Efferent pupillary dysfunction presents as anisocoria. Which side is abnormal depends on whether the anisocoria is more pronounced in light (big pupil is abnormal) or in dark (small pupil is abnormal). Isolated pupillary dysfunction is usually asymptomatic. However, it is important to identify because it can be a sign of underlying life-threatening condition.
Posterior communicating artery infundibulum with oculomotor nerve palsy treated with microvascular decompression: a case report and 2-dimensional technical operative video
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Ehsan Dowlati, Juliana Rotter, Tianzan Zhou, R. Tushar Jha, Rocco A. Armonda
The oculomotor nerve, CNIII, has both somatic efferent and visceral efferent functions. Somatic fibers control ocular and eyelid movements. Parasympathetic visceral fibers that course along with the superficial portion control pupils through the pupillae and ciliary muscles.1–3 External compression can produce one or a combination of symptoms including ptosis, mydriasis of ipsilateral pupil, and ocular motor weakness.4,5 Some hypothesize that pupillary involvement is pathognomonic for aneurysm-induced ONP; however, 38% of diabetic patients have pupillary involvement and up to 17% of PCommA aneurysm patients present with pupil-sparing oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP). The pupil is more likely to be spared when the aneurysm evenly distributes compression on the nerve or compresses the inferior portion of the nerve.1,6,7
Segmental Dilatation of Ileum Involving Bronchogenic Cyst in a Newborn
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Özkan Okur, Malik Ergin, Akgun Oral, Munevver Hosgor
Segmental intestinal dilatation (SID) is characterized by marked dilatation of the small intestine with normal caliber afferent and efferent intestinal connections and mostly causes intestinal obstruction in the neonatal period [1–3]. The most common localization of SID is the ileum, followed by the colon, jejunum, and duodenum [4,5]. A prenatal ultrasonography can show an intra-abdominal cystic mass or fetus with a peristalsing fluid collection in the abdomen. On x-ray, marked segmental dilatation of the bowel loop, with or without an air-fluid level is a classical feature but it can be easily misdiagnosed as other causes of intestinal obstruction. It can also be detected on barium enema studies [6]. The definitive treatment is resection of the dilated segment and anastomosis of the normal segments of intestine and most of patients have uneventful course after surgery [2,7]. Surgical exploration and histological examination of the resected segment can confirm the diagnosis [8]. Previous studies have identified heterotopic mucosa within the dilated segment, which may include esophageal, stomach, or pancreatic tissue. To our knowledge, there are no reports of segmental ileal dilatation with a bronchogenic cyst. Here we describe a SID with bronchogenic cyst in a neonate.
Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Tyler M. Cook, Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
Neuronal transmission allows for nearly instantaneous processing of sensory input or generation of motor output. This rapid signaling of peripheral neurons in the gut is critical for homeostatic mechanisms such as GI motility, secretion, and even immune response modulation.39 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of vagal and spinal sensory (afferent) neurons, autonomic motor (efferent) neurons, and enteric neurons (Figure 2). Afferent neurons send information from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord, while efferent neurons project out from the central nervous system (CNS) to peripheral organs. Classifying by anatomical distribution, the twelve cranial nerves project from the brain/brainstem and spinal nerves from the spinal cord. The autonomic system is divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems (ENS).