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Sensory Examination
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Cortical sensory functions: Interpretative sensory functions that require analysis of individual sensory modalities by the parietal lobes to provide discrimination. Individual sensory modalities must be intact to measure cortical sensation.Stereognosis: Ability to recognize and identify objects by feeling them. The absence of this ability is termed astereognosis.Graphesthesia: Ability to recognize symbols written on the skin. The absence of this ability is termed graphanesthesia.Two-point discrimination: Ability to recognize simultaneous stimulation by two blunt points. It is measured by the distance between the points required for recognition.Touch localization(topognosis): Ability to localize stimuli to parts of the body. Topagnosia is the absence of this ability.Double simultaneous stimulation: Ability to perceive a sensory stimulus when corresponding areas on the opposite side of the body are stimulated simultaneously. Loss of this ability is termed sensory extinction.
Impairment of functions of the nervous system
Published in Ramar Sabapathi Vinayagam, Integrated Evaluation of Disability, 2019
Cortical sensation consists of stereognosis, “Two-Point” discrimination, and graphesthesia. Stereognosis refers to the ability of a person to recognize known objects, such as a coin, key, or pen, with their eyes closed. Astereognosis indicates the inability of a person to recognize objects by touch sensation with the eyes closed. “Two-Point” discrimination represents the ability to perceive the double stimuli applied simultaneously by a pair of calipers with blunt ends. If the person is unable to discriminate and recognize two points, they are deemed to have an impairment of “Two-Point” discrimination. In graphesthesia, a person can recognize either the alphabet or numbers written on their skin by the perception of touch (Tables 6.36 through 6.38).
Diagnosis in orthopaedics
Published in Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse, Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
Louis Solomon, Charles Wakeley
Deep sensibility can be examined in several ways. In the vibration test a sounded tuning fork is placed over a peripheral bony point (e.g. the medial malleolus or the head of the ulna); the patient is asked if he or she can feel the vibrations and to say when they disappear. By comparing the two sides, differences can be noted. Position sense is tested by asking the patient to find certain points on the body with the eyes closed — for example, touching the tip of the nose with the forefinger. The sense of joint posture is tested by grasping the big toe and placing it in different positions of flexion and extension. The patient (whose eyes are closed) is asked to say whether it is ‘up’ or ‘down’. Stereognosis, the ability to recognize shape and texture by feel alone, is tested by giving the patient (again with eyes closed) a variety of familiar objects to hold and asking him or her to name each
The involvement of altered sensory modulation in neurological conditions and its relevance to neuro-rehabilitation: a narrative literature review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Another population that is largely discussed is stroke survivors. A high prevalence of balance, visual and somatosensory alterations were reported based on clinical observations, and were associated with decline in postural control, motor control, and motor accuracy [51]. Some researchers claimed that sensory alterations are more pronounced in specific modalities than in others. For example, Tyson et al. [52] reported that tactile impairment was more common than proprioceptive among people with hemiparesis following their first stroke. Connell et al. [53] found Tactile Sensation, Kinesthetic, and stereognosis alterations in patients with a first stroke on admission as well as two, four and six months after stroke using a clinical measure (“The Nottingham Sensory Assessment”). In contrast to the findings of Tyson et al. [54], Connell et al. stated that proprioception and stereognosis were more altered than tactile sensations. Yet, agreement exists regarding the relationship between sensory alterations and stroke severity [54,55].
Validation and diagnostic accuracy of coin rotation task for manual dexterity and coordination in children with specific learning disorder
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Mahsa Meimandi, Akram Azad, Ghorban Taghizadeh, Parvaneh Mohammadi
Stereognosis was assessed with 12 regular objects including paper clip, safety pin, cube, metal spoon, string, rubber band, marble, button, key, coin, pill, and pencil. These objects were randomly placed in the participant’s dominant hand while he/she was blindfolded. The number of objects that the participant identified correctly was recorded as his/her score. Detection of 12 objects, 8–11 objects, 5–8 objects, and 0–4 objects indicate intact, mild deficiency, moderate deficiency, and severe deficiency of stereognosis, respectively [23].
Modification of the training environment to improve functional performance using blacklight conditions: a case study of a child with autism
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2020
Seyed Alireza Derakhshanrad, Emily Piven
The stereognosis pretest assessment occurred under normal light conditions. A kit was created using Mary’s familiar objects used in daily activities: a comb, hairbrush, electric-powered toothbrush, spoon, fork, and three “pop-it” beads (see description) were added because they were florescent under blacklight. Vision was occluded by a curtain hiding vision of an object. Mary scored 0 for stereognosis item recognition and did not explore objects placed in both hands, as would be expected for a child that was born with manipulative hand function.