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The Special Sense Organs and Their Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Sense organs or receptors function to integrate the body with the outside world, as well as to detect changes within the body. Taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, and vision are called the special senses because they originate from sensors in restricted (or special) regions of the head.
Central nervous system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The eye is the special sense organ of sight (Figs 11.52a,b). It is situated in the orbital cavity, surrounded by adipose tissue that affords protection from trauma. It is almost spherical with an anterior bulge, comprising three layers: an outer fibrous layer, a middle vascular layer and an inner nervous layer. It contains three substances: the aqueous humour, the lens and the vitreous humour. The outer fibrous layer forms a complete sphere, the anterior one-sixth is known as the cornea and the posterior five-sixths the sclera. It has no blood supply but derives its nourishment from lymph. The middle vascular layer forms nine-tenths of a sphere incomplete anteriorly. It comprises the choroid, ciliary body and the iris. The innermost layer forms three-quarters of a sphere (posteriorly) and is known as the retina. This has an outer pigmented layer and an inner nervous layer. It contains special cells designed for vision – rods and cones. The optic disc (or blind spot) is that part of the retina where the optic nerve enters the eyeball.
Methods and Procedures
Published in Richard A. Jonas, Jane W. Newburger, Joseph J. Volpe, John W. Kirklin, Brain Injury and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, 2019
Jane W. Newburger, Wypij David
In addition to the overall classification, we subclassified patients with respect to specific types of abnormality. In the perioperative period, these included abnormalities of mental status, head circumference, anterior fontanelle, cranial nerves, and the motor system and were subclassified as diffuse/generalized, lateralized, focal, neck flexion/extension discrepancy (a measure of the degree of tendency toward extensor posture), or other. At age 1 year, patients were classified with respect to the following specific types of abnormality: (1) cerebral palsy, (2) tone alteration but not cerebral palsy (hypotonia, hypertonia), (3) ataxia/dysmetria, (4) focal abnormalities apart from those related to cerebral palsy, (5) special senses, and (6) development delayed greater than 2 months.
Representations of the olfactory bulb and tracts in images of the medieval cell doctrine
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
For some of the special senses (vision, audition, and gustation), the illustrated linkage between the sensory organ and the sensus communis is straightforward, even if erroneous and simplistic. With vision, for example, an afferent pathway (usually represented as a straight line) typically connects the eye (and, in particular, usually the pupil, where light enters the eye) to the sensus communis. There was, of course, then no conception that the retina is responsible for phototransduction. Similar lines connect the nose (olfaction), ears (audition), and the tongue (gustation) with the sensus communis. Uncommonly, some of the special senses were illustrated as having connections with the middle or posterior ventricle of the brain: For example, German anatomist Johann Dryander showed connections between the pupils and two of the ventricles (the anterior and middle ventricles), and between the tongue and the posterior or third ventricle (Dryandrum 1537).
Systematic review of cochlear implantation in adults with asymmetrical hearing loss
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2021
Raghunandhan Sampathkumar, Axel Kaehne, Nirmal Kumar, Mohan Kameswaran, Richard Irving
Among the five special senses which humans possess, the sense of hearing hails to be the most important one, as it is crucial for communication, which forms the basis of human civilization. For adults who have acquired speech and language milestones, but have progressively lost hearing later in life to levels not augmentable with conventional hearing aids, there are significant psycho-social impacts of deafness. They are unable to communicate anymore as they normally used to do and are forced to choose alternative communication methods. They may rely on sign language, visual cues and lip reading which impacts their confidence to mingle in society and thereby affects their quality of life. The advent of auditory neural prostheses like the Cochlear Implant (CI), has successfully broken the acoustic barrier, thus integrating severe to profoundly deaf individuals into the normal society, providing them with auditory-verbal communication skills to lead a productive life. This has made a remarkable transition in the lives of these individuals, bringing them out of their gloomy world of silence, into the vibrant world of sound.
Perispinal etanercept advances as a neurotherapeutic
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2018
The most significant development may have been the novel observation, in 2010, that PSE was capable of producing unprecedented rapid neurological improvement in patients with chronic neurological dysfunction after stroke or TBI [22–24]. The reproducibility of the initial observations has since been confirmed and expanded by the clinical experience of multiple physicians, who have together treated a total of more than 2000 patients with chronic neurological dysfunction after stroke using PSE off-label [22,23]. Many of these patients were treated years or decades after the acute injury [22,23]. Neurological improvements in these patients have included favorable changes in gait, spasticity, mental function, aphasia, sensation, and chronic poststroke pain and a host of less common, but no less important improvements, including improvements in special senses, bladder function, etc [20,22,23]. Since 2010, the scientific rationale has been strengthened by at least six favorable studies of etanercept in stroke models and three favorable randomized clinical trials of etanercept for spinal neuropathic pain (cited in [21]); see also [2,6–10,12–15,18,20,24,25].