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A Meta-Analysis of Applied Vestibular Stimulation Research
Published in Kenneth J Ottenbacher, Margaret A Short Degraft, Vestibular Processing Dysfunction in Children, 2013
Kenneth J. Ottenbacher, Paul Petersen
tive effects generated by the controversy surrounding the efficacy of early intervention. 7 She noted that additional research is clearly needed in this area and that therapists must be circumspect in applying therapeutic procedures and interpret their effectiveness in relation to the published research. One particular area of sensory enrichment, the use of controlled vestibular stimulation, has been a particularly popular form of sensory stimulation therapy for at risk infants and young children with developmental delay. To date, several studies have been reported employing clinically applied vestibular stimulation to facilitate the developmental status of infants and children with developmental delays. Traditional narrative attempts to integrate literature related to the efficacy of sensory enrichment programs have failed to produce any clear degree of empirically-based consensus. As Cooper and Rosenthal have noted, however, ''some of the confusion and contradiction we often convey about our research may not be a function of the results we found but of how we have chosen to synthesize them.' ' 8<P447> Traditional narrative reviews of accumulated data based studies have been criticized as subjective and unscientific. 9· 11 In discussing the inadequacies of traditional literature reviews Glass states that ''A common method of integrating several studies with inconsistent findings is to carp on the design or analysis deficiencies of all but a few studies-those remaining frequently being one's own work or that of one's students and friends-and then advance the one or two "acceptable" studies as the truth of the matter. " 10<P7 > The subjective and judgmental nature of traditional literature reviews is unfortunate because often these reviews of particular topic areas are instrumental in establishing or refuting the empirical legitimacy of a finding. Recently, techniques that synthesize and integrate bodies of empirical literature have been developed and refined. 9·11 ·12 The procedures, referred to by Cooper9 as quantitative reviewing and Glass and his colleagues as "meta-analysis", treat the literature review as a unique type of research and allow the investigator to compare quantitatively a number of research studies and to make consensual judgements based on the results. They also facilitate the systematic investigation of variation across studies, including differences in sampling procedures, research design characteristics, and the use of multiple types of dependent variables. 13 Quantitative reviewing methods employing meta-analytic procedures have been employed to bring some degree of order to controversial bodies of literature in the behavioral sciences. 14- 16 The purpose of this paper is to expose consumers of pediatric research literature to the techniques and procedures of quantitative reviewing and second, to use the procedures to evaluate the effectiveness of clinically applied vestibular stimulation to facilitate developmental parameters in normal infants, infants defined as high risk, and individuals with overt developmental delay.
Assessment of Cognitive Training & Social Interaction in People with Mild to Moderate Dementia: A Pilot Study
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2019
Hillary J. Rouse, Brent J. Small, Mark E. Faust
There are currently two distinct management options for people experiencing the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. The first option commonly used is pharmacological interventions. Antipsychotic medications are often the first line of treatment for problematic behaviors associated with dementia. They are often inappropriately and unnecessarily prescribed, even though they carry black box warnings with substantial adverse effects (Douglas, James, & Ballard, 2004). The regulations by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services continue to focus on the reduction of antipsychotic medication usage and address the need to continue to replace psychotropic medications administered in assisted living facilities with non-pharmacological interventions (Institute of Medicine, 1983). These non-pharmacological interventions typically fall into three categories of unmet needs interventions, learning and behavioral interventions, and environmental vulnerability and reduced stress-threshold interventions (Ayalon et al., 2006). More specifically, some of these different therapies are aromatherapy, animal-assisted therapy, bright-light therapy, multi-sensory stimulation therapy, music therapy, reminiscence therapy, and validation therapy (Douglas et al., 2004; Dugmore, Orrell, & Spector, 2015). These interventions hold promise for positive changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms and possibly also cognitive functioning without the troubling side effects, but often involve a large commitment of time and energy on the part of caregivers and assisted living staff (O’Connor, Ames, Gardner, & King, 2009).