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Amnesia
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
However, consolidation is not a simple one-way process. Whenever a memory is remembered, it changes a little, and must be reconsolidated. Each time that you remember a memory, you remember it a little bit differently at the level of the brain, including the synthesis of new proteins to help stabilize the memory. While the exact mechanisms of the reconsolidation process remain controversial, it is generally believed that during reconsolidation memories can be strengthened, weakened, or updated, and researchers can reduce memory reconsolidation through the use of chemicals called “inhibitors” (Roesler, 2017). In short, every time a memory is recalled, it is sensitive to being disrupted and overwritten with incorrect details, which can lead to people believing things that are not true (Chan & LaPaglia, 2013). Over time, your memories literally change, probably quite a bit more than you realize. In general, memories tend to change over time from rich episodic memories containing lots of detail (feelings, smells, colors, etc.) into simple semantic memories containing just the facts.
Cannabidiol in Mental Health Disorders
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
Alline C. de Campos, Felipe V. Gomes, Samia R. Joca, Francisco S. Guimarães
Repeated CBD treatment (7 daily injections) also attenuated the long-lasting anxiogenic consequence of a single predator exposure in a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) animal model (Campos et al., 2013a). Likewise, this drug impaired fear reconsolidation and accelerates extinction, two processes associated with PTSD symptoms in humans (Bitencourt et al., 2008; Stern et al., 2012; Hsiao et al., 2012).
Exercise Effects in Cognition and Motor Learning
Published in Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner, The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
Learning is a long-term change in behavior that results from previous experience(s). Memory is the representation of this learned behavior, whereas retrieval is the recovery of information from a stored memory (Domjan 2003). However, memory can further be broken down into short-term versus long-term memory (Cowan 2008) (Figure 9.1). Short-term memory is the ability to hold a limited capacity of information active in the mind and lasts only a few seconds. A distinct form of short-term memory has been given the term “working memory.” As proposed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974, working memory is a rehearsal-based system that allows for managing, updating, and manipulating recently acquired information (Baddeley & Hitch 1974). Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory reflects the retention of information that lasts minutes, days, weeks, months, or even years. The transfer of information from short to long-term memory is known as memory consolidation (Domjan 2003). Through consolidation, lasting memories may be reorganized, and even integrated, and then moved to a more permanent storage. This type of reconsolidation is thought to take years in humans (Roediger, Dudai, & Fitzpatrick 2007).
Feasibility of a Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Psychological Distress in Mechanically Ventilated Patients
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2020
Yanni Tan, Ognjen Gajic, Phillip J. Schulte, Matthew M. Clark, Kemuel L. Philbrick, Lioudmila V. Karnatovskaia
Research on the formation of fear memories demonstrates that one can interfere with the initial process of fear conditioning during the temporal window when initial memory consolidation occurs (Schiller et al., 2010). If mitigating information about a traumatic event is introduced during the time following memory formation and its subsequent recall (called the reconsolidation window), the emotional experience of the memory may be rewritten (Schiller et al., 2010). Thus, a potential approach to treatment may be to interfere with the initial process of fear conditioning by introducing mitigating information during the temporal window when the consolidation of the initial memory occurs and also following its initial recall (Ross et al., 2017). This may weaken or prevent the formation of a traumatic emotional memory by positively shaping its consolidation and reconsolidation, because at this time memories are labile and susceptible to alteration. The longer a memory has been stored in the brain, the more difficult it is to destabilize and alter it (Pitman, 2011), explaining the lack of effectiveness of outpatient interventions.
A review of the factors affecting the course and outcome of the treatment of substance use disorders
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2019
An indispensable part of addiction treatment is the treatment staff and the study of Amodeo et al. (2013) stresses the treatment facilitating factors as referred to by staff members. Training, supervision, openness to evidence-based practices, group meetings, administrative support, cooperation with the community, the experience of the staff in evidence-based practices, funding and a good team spirit are the key factors (related to the addiction treatment staff members) to an efficacious function of the treatment. (C) The third category of factors refers to specific treatment methods or/and sub-techniques. As mentioned earlier in category A, in the context of change cognitive mechanisms, a study stresses the importance of ways to deal with substance abuse-associated memories (Torregrossa & Taylor, 2013). Based on studies for Post Traumatic Syndrome Disorder (PTSD), researchers suggest that hindering reconsolidation of memories could be an efficacious method in addiction treatment. The combination of memory retrieval and extinction of learning may be an efficacious non-pharmaceutical treatment, weakening the strength of memories for use so that relapse is prevented.
Manipulating Human Memory Through Reconsolidation: A Reply to Commentaries
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2018
Finally, the question was again raised of whether there might be issues regarding eyewitness testimony were a person to have received the type of treatment discussed in the target article. Simply having undergone such a procedure “may suffice to seriously undermine that witness's probative value” (Bublitz et al., 2016, 248). However, it is an uncomfortable conclusion to arrive at that individuals must sacrifice their own mental health in the apparent interests of the wider collective. There must be other ways around this dilemma, such as obtaining testimony from individuals relating to events they have experienced on record before they undergo a memory-modifying procedure. We believe that just as ethical concerns should track realistic possibilities, so should legal proceedings take empirical findings into consideration. Research suggests that emotion may increase confidence in memory and the feeling of knowing, but this is not necessarily paralleled by heightened accuracy, and emotion may even decrease accuracy (Rimmele, Davachi, Petrov, Dougal, and Phelps, 2011). The emotionality and veridicality of memory appear to be dissociable. Our research indicates that while emotional valence of memories can be strongly affected by disruption of reconsolidation, declarative memory remains intact. If the disruption of reconsolidation with propranolol does not meaningfully undermine a witness's declarative memory, then it should not be allowed to undermine their testimony. Perhaps information regarding exposure to such procedures could be barred from entering into legal proceedings. More probing examinations of the effects of memory-modifying procedures on declarative memory, in legally relevant studies, could be a topic of further research to help inform such decisions.