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Current issues in understanding sexual victimization
Published in Rachel E. Lovell, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Sexual Assault Kits and Reforming the Response to Rape, 2023
The most commonly known disorder related to trauma is PTSD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). PTSD is described diagnostically as a disorder that occurs following a traumatic event. The symptoms of the trauma persist for more than a month after the stressor. Symptoms that occur right after the assault up to a month are diagnosed as acute stress disorder. The symptoms are clustered in four general categories: intrusive symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative alterations in cognitions and mood related to the trauma, and increases in arousal and reactivity. The victim with PTSD can experience intrusive thoughts or memories of the assault, flashbacks, dreams, or nightmares. The victim will actively avoid thoughts, feelings, or triggers reminding them of the assault. Negative thoughts involving self-blame, negative expectations or beliefs about others or themselves (“I am damaged”), or distorted thoughts about causes or consequences can be present. The victim may experience feelings of isolation, estrangement, or detachment from others. They may lack interest in activities or fail to experience pleasure in things they used to enjoy. Irritability, a heightened startle response, sleeping, and concentrating difficulties are all hallmarks of hyperarousal. Self-destructive or reckless activities reflect the victim's difficulties with impulsivity and reactivity. The development of PTSD can be mitigated or facilitated by the victim's social support system, relationship with the offender, or perception of the event (Domino et al., 2020).
Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
The diagnosis of PTSD is based on a patient having had direct or indirect exposure to a traumatic event, and the symptoms that manifest afterwards. As with PTSD in diabetic patients, diagnosis is based on elevated blood glucose, elevated fasting capillary glucose, and elevated nonfasting plasma or capillary glucose. Diagnosis of PTSD with diabetes simply combines the signs and symptoms of PTSD with the standard diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
Animal healers
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
The experience of a traumatic event can leave a long-lasting psychological impact with a cluster of symptoms associated with the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; see Chapter 3). The common causes of PTSD are accidents and the experience, as a participant or a victim, of violence. The growing realisation that some intervention was needed for soldiers returning from conflict experiencing severe anxiety akin to PTSD prompted the use of AAT. Thus, building on the extensive use of ATT in the treatment of trauma (Trzmiel, Purandare, Michalak, Zasadzka, & Pawlaczyk, 2019) treatments were developed, some with the involvement of animals, specifically for combat veterans (Lanning, & Krenek, 2013; Mims & Waddell, 2016). While the focus here is on AAT there are, in keeping with the distinction noted above, service dogs for veterans with PTSD (e.g., van Houtert, Endenburg, Wijnker, Rodenburg, & Vermetten, 2018).
The impact of trauma above and beyond its mental health consequences: An editorial
Published in International Journal of Mental Health, 2023
Charlotte E. Hilberdink, Eric Bui
A rapid review by Lee and Bowles (2020) offers broad empirically-supported guidelines for appropriate psychological treatment approaches for PTSD. Importantly, they pointed out potential differential effects of treatment when PTSD was compounded with another comorbid psychological disorder and more comprehensive treatment combinations are needed instead of one treatment modality to treat all issues. In line with this, a publication by Pracht et al. (2021) reported that having a PTSD diagnosis was associated with a 14% increase in time spent in the emergency department across several age groups. This increased resource utilization associated with PTSD may be the consequence of both comorbid mental health diagnoses, and of associated somatic problems. In fact, in another feature article, Palmer et al. (2021) observed that n = 115 veterans with PTSD (25–54 years old) who did not use any antipsychotic medication, were more likely to suffer from metabolic disease than an age-comparable healthy population, suggesting that PTSD - and/or psychological trauma - may indeed increase the risk for somatic problems above and beyond the effects on mental health.
Anxiety and Depression Mediate the Relationship of Medication-Resistant PTSD to Quality of Life in Service Members
Published in Military Behavioral Health, 2022
Maegan M. Paxton Willing, Larissa L. Tate, Patricia T. Spangler, David M. Benedek, David S. Riggs
Though based on relatively few studies, prior research suggests PTSD symptoms may remain following treatment due to psychiatric comorbidities and complicated clinical presentations (Hamner et al., 2004; Steenkamp et al., 2015). In one study, patients with comorbid mental health conditions were given a worse prognosis by clinicians and responded slower to treatment (Campbell et al., 2007). Unfortunately, it is relatively common for patients with PTSD to have additional mental health concerns. For example, Araújo et al. (2014) found 89% of participants with PTSD also had major depressive disorder (MDD) and 91% had an anxiety disorder. Similarly, Zhang et al. (2004) found that almost 99% of participants with PTSD also had a diagnosis of depression or anxiety. Notably, Spinhoven et al. (2014) found that patients with PTSD had an average of 3.1 comorbid anxious or depressive disorders.
Psychological Trauma in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence: A Concept Analysis
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2021
Kathryn S. Gerber, Joseph P. De Santis, Rosina Cianelli
PTSD is a psychiatric illness that develops after an individual experiences a scary or traumatic event. Researchers have reported that 22.3% of women and 4.5% of men report at least one PTSD symptom as a result of IPV (Black et al., 2011). Estimates indicate chronic PTSD may be present in as many as 46.8% of individuals who have experienced IPV (Johnson & Zlotnick, 2012). Trauma may profoundly impact the physiological arousal and emotional response of the individual that even in the absence of memory, severe distress may be present (Goelitz & Stewart-Kahn, 2013). For example, one study found that in a sample of people residing in a domestic violence shelter who have experienced IPV, 75% were diagnosed with PTSD (Nixon et al., 2004). PTSD may co-occur with depression, anxiety, insomnia, and may compromise an individual’s ability to engage socially or to demonstrate resilient behaviors, which increases susceptibility to remaining in or returning to an abusive relationship (Nathanson et al., 2012).