China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Alcohol, drugs, toxins and post-mortem toxicology
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Colin Smith, Christopher Milroy
Microscopically, there is obvious loss of Purkinje cells with associated Bergmann gliosis in the superior vermal region. Regular consumption of alcohol over a 20–30 year period with 41–80 g/day results in a 15 per cent reduction in the Purkinje cell population and double these amounts in a 33.4 per cent loss of Purkinje cells. Purkinje cell degeneration and white cell loss in the vermis correlate with clinical ataxia (Baker et al. 1999).
Neurons
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Cerebellar Purkinje cells (Figure 7.1d and Section 12.2.4.3) have a characteristic “flat” dendritic tree that is extensive in two dimensions but quite thin in the third dimension, with more than 200,000 synapses. The cerebellar granule cells (Figure 7.1e and Section 12.2.4.3) are amongst the smallest of neurons, having almost round cell bodies that can be as small as about 5 µm diameter and only a few, short dendrites with claw-like terminations.
Niemann-Pick type C disease/cholesterol-processing abnormality
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
Animal models of Niemann-Pick type C disease have been found: a feline and two murine models [5, 6, 74]. The mice were ataxic and had typical foam cells like those of human patients. There was marked cerebellar loss of Purkinje cells.
Acutely increased aquaporin-4 exhibits more potent protective effects in the cortex against single and repeated isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in the developing rat brain
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Habip Yılmaz, Aslıhan Şengelen, Serdar Demirgan, Hüsniye Esra Paşaoğlu, Melike Çağatay, İbrahim Emre Erman, Mehmet Bay, Hasan Cem Güneyli, Evren Önay-Uçar
To investigate Iso-induced apoptosis and compare the effects of single and repeated anesthesia on cell death in the neonatal brain, we exposed Wistar albino rat pups to 1.5% Iso (3-h) or 30% oxygenated air (3-h) at P7 or P7 + 9 + 11. One day after the last anesthesia, the brain tissues of rats receiving single or repeated Iso were collected at P8 and P12, respectively. The hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex regions were evaluated for apoptosis by histopathological and immunoblotting analysis. As seen in Figure 1(A-B) (HE staining results), more apoptotic cells were detected in all three brain sections due to single and repeated anesthesia compared to the control group, but the effect of repeated Iso exposure was more severe. Apoptotic cells were identified by shrunken cells, condensed cytoplasm, and pycnotic nuclei. Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and neuron cells in the hippocampus and cortex were evaluated. A single Iso-induced apoptotic response was similar in all brain regions (less than 6%, p < 0.001 vs. control). However, most cell deaths were detected in the hippocampus after repeated anesthesia (p < 0.001). The apoptosis in multiple Iso-exposed rat brain regions (hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum, respectively) was 17.6%, 11.7%, and 8.6%.
Dapagliflozin modulates neuronal injury via instigation of LKB1/p-AMPK/GABAB R2 signaling pathway and suppression of the inflammatory cascade in an essential tremor rat model
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Ahmed S. Kamel, Sama M. Farrag, Heba M. Mansour, Noha N. Nassar, Muhammed A. Saad
The harmaline (HAR) animal model is an established model that mimics the mechanisms of ET [10] as it produces postural as well as kinetic tremor with a peak frequency between 10 and 12 Hz in rats [11]. Although, the origins of ET remain elusive, postmortem studies have delved deeply into the anatomical and structural changes found in the cerebellum of ET patients. The cerebellum controls motor coordination through synchronizing oscillations of Purkinje cells (PCs) dendritic arbor. The most prominent pathological marker of the disease is the loss of PCs that reduce gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) levels. Such deficiency of the GABAergic tone leads to glutamatergic neuronal hyperexcitability, which may trigger tremors and apoptotic cascade [12]. Additionally, PCs receive excitatory fibers from the inferior olivary nucleus (ION) and cerebellar granule cells which when fulminated lead to PCs damage [13]. Despite these findings, the management of ET is still symptomatic and the efficacy of the present remedies remains an impediment.
NeurHistAlert 26
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
Frank W. Stahnisch, Michel C. F. Shamy
This contribution to the Handbook of Clinical Neurology traces the history of neuroanatomical understanding of the cerebellum as a series of distinct discoveries. One of the main themes is the early history of cerebellar localization, as it led to certain misunderstandings in relation to clinical observations in trauma and lesion experiments, especially concerning brainstem function. Improved neurohistological methodologies, as the authors argue, led to better appreciation of the role the cerebellum plays in movement control and neurofunctional coordination. Cajal had already identified the elements of the cortex and their circuitry late in the nineteenth century. The heterogeneity of the Purkinje cells with regard to their connections and histochemistry was later identified as the zonal organization of the cerebellar cortex. Similarly, the roots of modern developments, including cerebellar learning and its involvement in cognition and emotion, were recognized during the twentieth century.