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The Spinal Cord and the Spinal Canal
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand
When they penetrate the posterior funiculus, numerous dorsal fibers divide into long ascending and short descending branches. Ascending branches form the posterior white columns, the fasciculi gracilis, and the cuneatus. Descending branches form the fasciculus interfascicularis in the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord, and the fasciculus septomarginalis in the lumbar segments (Figure 1.25). These tracts are sometimes classified with the fasciculi proprii.
Anatomy for neurotrauma
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
Vasudha Singhal, Sarabpreet Singh
The spinal cord consists of butterfly-shaped gray matter, surrounded by three columns or funiculi of white matter—the ventral, lateral, and dorsal funiculi. The corticospinal tract descends the spinal cord in the lateral funiculus, while the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway (represented by gracile and cuneate fasciculi), is contained in the posterior funiculus. An imaginary coronal line through the central canal divides the gray matter into anterior and posterior horns or columns. Ventral nerve roots emerge from the ventral gray horns, while the dorsal nerve roots enter the dorsal gray horns. In the thoracic region, the posterolateral part of the anterior column is termed the intermediolateral column, which contains the preganglionic cells of the autonomic nervous system. The intermediolateral column from T1 to L2 spinal segments gives rise to sympathetic axons, while that from the S2, S3, and S4 spinal segments give rise to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Applied physiology of nociception
Published in Pamela E Macintyre, Suellen M Walker, David J Rowbotham, Clinical Pain Management, 2008
Nociceptive input to the dorsal horn is relayed to higher centers in the brain via several ascending pathways: the spinothalamic tract, classically considered as the major pain pathway; spinomedullary and spinobulbar projections to regions of the medulla and brain stem that are important for homeostatic control; and the spinohypothalamic tract to the hypothalamus and ventral forebrain. Spinal projections to other sites, such as the cerebellum or lateral reticular nucleus, are more involved in sensorimotor integration than direct nociceptive transmission.9 Evidence suggests that there may be other pathways, i.e. a spino-pontoamygdaloid pathway and an additional pathway for visceral pain ascending in the posterior funiculus.38
Rare anterior funiculus lesions in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord: a case report and literature review
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Lei Wu, Bingxin Shi, Mangsuo Zhao, Hui Sun, Fangfang Zhang, Jie Li, Dehui Huang, Zhen Shi
Notably, the atypical feature of this patient is the rare anterior funiculus lesions on MRI. Manifestation of SCD on axial T2-weighted images has been well characterized by an inverted ‘V’ or inverted ‘rabbit ears’ with typical involvement of the posterior and/or lateral funiculus [10]. However, Paliwal [11] reported a case of SCD with anchor-shaped lesions in the posterior, anterior, and lateral regions of the spinal cord. Canas [12] also reported a SCD patient with involvement of the anterior, posterior and lateral funiculus. Another two cases with anterior and lateral funiculus lesions were reported by Karantanas [13] and Puntambekar [14], respectively. The clinical data of the above four cases are summarized in Table 1. Thus, when confronted with anterior funiculus impairment with or without posterior funiculus involvement, clinicians should consider SCD as a possible differential diagnosis and perform further related tests.
The Hemisection Approach in Large Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury: Overview of Methods and Applications
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2020
S. Wilson, S. J. Nagel, L. A. Frizon, D. C. Fredericks, N. A. DeVries-Watson, G. T. Gillies, M. A. Howard
As a final note, it is important to recognize that while our focus here has been on the hemisection model of SCI, the contusive approach will remain an important component of the research armamentarium aimed at this problem. One of the reasons for this, as discussed above, is that SCI models developed in the rodent do not accurately mimic conditions in humans. In large part, this is due to the orientation of the cortical spinal tract in the posterior funiculus. Iwanami et al. [81] addressed these concerns by introducing a SCI model in marmosets. However, after assessing the prior use of the hemisection approach by others, they concluded that a contusive approach might have greater pathophysiological fidelity, and proceeded accordingly. MR imaging, behavioral testing, and histopathology were carried out for each animal in the protocol. In total, three types of weight-drop injuries were studied: mild, moderate and severe. The outcomes correlated with the weight selected. Thus, different injury mechanisms can be useful depending on the study goals.
Honokiol exerts protective effects on neural myelin sheaths after compressed spinal cord injury by inhibiting oligodendrocyte apoptosis through regulation of ER-mitochondrial interactions
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2022
Yong Tan, Haijun Yu, Shanquan Sun, Shengwei Gan, Rui Gong, Ke-jie Mou, Jun Xue, Shiye Xu, Jiangfeng Wu, Lan Ma
The samples which had been fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde were transferred to 1% osmic acid for 5 days and then rinsed with 0.01 mol/L PBS (pH 7.4). After dehydrating in a graded series of ethanol, the samples were cut into 10 μm thick sections with a cryostat and directly observed undera microscope (Olympus-45, Tokyo, Japan) at a magnification of 400×. Images were acquired and then analyzed by a blinded investigator. The total number of myelinated fibers from posterior funiculus of each section were estimated by ImagePro Plus (IPP; Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) analysis software.