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Published in David Browne, Brenda Wright, Guy Molyneux, Mohamed Ahmed, Ijaz Hussain, Bangaru Raju, Michael Reilly, MRCPsych Paper I One-Best-Item MCQs, 2017
David Browne, Brenda Wright, Guy Molyneux, Mohamed Ahmed, Ijaz Hussain, Bangaru Raju, Michael Reilly
Answer: D. Echolalia is the repetition of words or part of clauses spoken by others. Logorrhoea means verbosity. Paraphasia is a destruction of words with interpolation of garbled sounds. It is also used as a synonym for ‘approximate answers’. Word salad is a severe thought disorder where there is a loss of grammatical and syntactical coherence. [D. pp. 163, 165; M. pp. 63–4]
Vocal Motor Disorders *
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Wernicke’s aphasia: Wernicke’s area is not clearly circumscribed (i.e., Brodman’s area 22 or a larger temporoparietal area) (Kirshner, 2000). It is considered to be part of a processor of speech sounds that associates sounds with concepts, also involving the parts of the brain that subserve grammar, attention, social knowledge, and knowledge of the concepts corresponding to meanings of words (Dronkers et al., 2002). The speech of patients with Wernicke’s aphasia is effortless, melodic, and produced at a normal rate. However, they have difficulty selecting words that accurately represent their intended meaning (verbal or semantic paraphasia), and also have difficulty comprehending sentences uttered by others (Dronkers et al., 2000). In contrast to Broca’s aphasia, the speech of Wernicke aphasics is fluent and well articulated (Blumstein, 1988). It is produced with facility and ease by the patient. Whatever hesitation occurs, it seems to reflect the failure to access a particular word rather than a difficulty in implementing its sound structure. Consonants are clearly articulated, as are vowels. Speech melody seems quite normal. Although patients with severe Wernicke’s aphasia produce jargon or neologisms, they exhibit relatively normal speech prosody. In contrast with patients with Broca’s asphasia, they retain significant abilities to plan an utterance, but fail to signal between syntactic boundaries of constituent linguistic structures. There is a question as to whether prosodic patterns reveal impairment of planning the target utterance or impairment of decoding and ultimately recoding the target utterance articulatorily.
Diagnosing and managing post-stroke aphasia
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Shannon M. Sheppard, Rajani Sebastian
Wernicke’s aphasia is often called ‘receptive aphasia’ and is characterized by fluent speech, paired with significant impairments of comprehension, naming, and repetition. Speech is fluent so the rhythm of speech is maintained, but it typically consists of jargon and is empty of meaning with a mix of sentence constructions (paragrammatism). Language output contains many paraphasias including semantic paraphasia (e.g., saying ‘train’ for the target word ‘bus’) and neologisms (nonwords like ‘fluffertump’). Error awareness is often poor due to limited auditory comprehension, and this makes communication less effective compared to patients with Broca’s aphasia. Reading and writing are frequently significantly impaired. Wernicke’s aphasia is typically associated with damage to Wernicke’s area along with neighboring temporal and parietal regions [21].
Stuttering and compulsive manipulation of tools after hemorrhage in the anterior corpus callosum and cingulate gyrus: a case study
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2018
The primary characteristics of this patient's disfluency were blocks with struggle and repetition of syllables during the first disfluency test (see Table 2). These characteristics distinguish this form of disfluency from any utterance-based disorder following brain injury such as conduction aphasia or palilalia. Conduction aphasia is characterized by frequent occurrence of phonemic paraphasia. The disfluency blocks and syllable repetitions observed in the current patient consisted of correct pronunciation of syllables, which differs from mistakes in the choice of syllables, i.e., phonemic paraphasia. Palilalia is a phenomenon whereby one repeats a word and a phrase involuntarily. It gradually becomes a rapid utterance along with a low voice. Palilalia also occurs often in sentence-final contexts and is absent from reading. However, our patient had neither a rapid utterance or a low voice. Therefore, the disfluency exhibited by this patient seems to be neither conduction aphasia nor palilalia.