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Psychological Medicine
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Harrison Howarth, Jim Bolton, Gary Bell
Organic mental disorders are those where the symptoms are attributable to an independently diagnosable cerebral or systemic disease (Figure 14.1; Table 14.3).
Where Does My Patient Fit In?
Published in Paul Ian Steinberg, Psychoanalysis in Medicine, 2020
This is a method of organizing diagnostic thinking, based on patients’ presenting symptoms. Patients may present with psychological symptoms and be diagnosed with a psychiatric disturbance. Similarly, patients may present with physical symptoms and be diagnosed with a medical condition. In these cases, diagnosis is straightforward. In less straightforward situations, patients may present with psychological symptoms, and have a medical condition accounting for these symptoms, resulting in a psychiatric diagnosis of organic mental disorder, in addition to the medical diagnosis. Patients also may present with physical symptoms for which there is a not medical diagnosis. In these situations, the patient may have a somatic symptom disorder (formerly called somatization disorder), illness anxiety disorder (formerly hypochondriasis), or conversion disorder (formerly hysteria), where the physical symptoms or preoccupations represent a psychological disturbance.
Psychotic disorders with alcohol and substance abuse in the elderly
Published in Anne M. Hassett, David Ames, Edmond Chiu, Psychosis in the Elderly, 2005
An elderly individual with substance-induced psychotic disorder may present in a manner that is clinically indistinguishable from any other psychotic disorder. Most patients with organic mental disorder (e.g. space-occupying lesions, epilepsy, infection, metabolic disorders, vascular disorders), are likely to have deficits in intellectual and cognitive functioning as a prominent feature. Where present these may be helpful. However, psychotic symptoms can make these intellectual functions difficult to test.
Genes in treatment: Polygenic risk scores for different psychopathologies, neuroticism, educational attainment and IQ and the outcome of two different exposure-based fear treatments
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
André Wannemüller, Robert Kumsta, Hans-Peter Jöhren, Thalia C. Eley, Tobias Teismann, Dirk Moser, Christopher Rayner, Gerome Breen, Jonathan Coleman, Svenja Schaumburg, Simon E. Blackwell, Jürgen Margraf
Patients of the mixed fear cohort were N = 153 individuals with predominantly middle-European ancestry (>92%). Participants’ primary diagnosis was a specific phobia in 39.2% of the cases (n = 60) with the ‘animal’ (n = 17; 11.1% of total) and ‘environmental’ (n = 18; 11.8%) subtypes being the most frequent subtypes, followed by the ‘situational’ (n = 12; 7.8%), ‘other’ (n = 10; 6.5%) and ‘blood-injection-injury’ subtypes (n = 3; 2.0%). In all other participants (n = 93; 60.8%), the primary diagnosis was agoraphobia. In the vast majority of cases (n = 87; 52.2% of total) agoraphobia was associated with a panic disorder. Only in 7 patients (4.6% of total), was agoraphobia present without a history of panic disorder. In addition to their primary diagnosis, 54 patients (35.3%) had at least one comorbidity, with specific phobias (n = 31) and social phobia (n = 12) most common. All patients aged between 18 and 70 years who sought treatment between December 2011 and November 2014 in an outpatient university clinic, for either agoraphobia or specific phobia were invited to participate in this study. Participants were excluded if they had comorbid bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder, alcohol/substance abuse or dependency (within the past 3 months, excluding nicotine). Prominent risk of self-harm, organic mental disorder and concurrent psychotherapeutic or psychopharmacological treatment also led to exclusion.
Clinical validation of the Symptom Self-rating Scale for Schizophrenia (4S) among inpatients
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Pernille Kølbæk, Daniel Guinart, Mark Opler, Christoph U. Correll, Ole Mors, Søren D. Østergaard
Study participants were recruited by staff members from inpatient units at the Department for Psychosis at Aarhus University Hospital – Psychiatry, Denmark, from 01/2018 to 10/2019. Inclusion criteria were: (i) meeting the criteria for schizophrenia (F20.x.) according to the International Classification of Disease, 10th revision (ICD-10) confirmed by the treating psychiatrist, (ii) age ≥18 years, and (iii) understanding spoken and written Danish. Exclusion criteria were: (i) comorbid organic mental disorder (ICD-10: F0x.x), (ii) comorbid mental retardation (IQ < 70), (iii) being under the influence of psychoactive substances and/or alcohol (as per clinical assessment by the referring clinician), and/or (iv) involuntary treatment (e.g. involuntary admission, involuntary medication, or physical restraint). A total of 77 participants were rated by clinicians using the PANSS-6. Of these, 61 (79%) individuals completed the 4S at least once and thus comprise the study sample. All participants provided written informed consent. Ethics review committee approval and study overview are not required for non-interventional studies as per Danish law and regulations. Data were processed and stored in accordance with the European Union General Data Protection Regulation.
Prevalence of Severe Mental Illness Dual Diagnosis Among Inpatients in a Psychiatric Hospital in Malaysia
Published in Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 2021
Sughashini Subramaniam, Anne Yee, Amer Siddiq Bin Amer Nordin, Ahmad Qabil Bin Khalib
Convenience sampling methods were used to recruit patients who were admitted voluntarily and involuntarily to a psychiatric hospital in Sabah, Malaysia. Patients admitted and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were identified and invited to participate in the study. The purpose and the nature of the study were explained verbally to the selected patients. Once patients voluntarily agreed to participate, written consent was obtained. This study was approved by the medical research and ethics committee of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (Ethics committee reference number NMRR-18-1212-42081(IIR)). Inclusion criteria were (a) fulfilling Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for severe mental illness (schizophrenia spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder); (b) age 18 years old and older; (c) able to read and understand Malay or English language adequately; and (d) patients who are able to give informed consent. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (a) patients who are not able to give informed consent, (b) patients having an organic mental disorder, (c) diagnosis of substance-induced mood or psychotic disorder, (d) severe psychotic symptoms or behavioral disturbances, (e) severe cognitive impairment or intellectual disability, and (f) concurrent severe and unstable medical condition.