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Psychiatric Problems in Addicts
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
An organic brain syndrome may be produced by a wide variety of drugs. Alcohol most commonly, depressants less commonly, and all other classes occasionally are represented. Solvent sniffing with toluene, when used aggressively to achieve a high, is associated with this problem, but the frequency is unknown. The history is usually chronic, aggressive, recurrent, high-dose use of one or more agents. The history often indicates use beyond an ordinary high, to the point where associates have concern of bodily harm. In the case of alcohol the use is intense and over many years, but the duration is often as little as 1 year for other agents.
Dementia in Movement Disorders
Published in W. R. Wayne Martin, Functional Imaging in Movement Disorders, 2019
For many years the term organic brain syndrome was widely used to describe the intellectual and behavioral changes that resulted from any medical or neurologic illness or from exposure to any drug or toxin. The implication of this terminology was that dementia due to any of these causes had identical clinical features. Indeed, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association indicated until the late 1960s that any variability in the symptoms of patients with organic brain syndrome was due to premorbid experiences and personality.15,16 Clinical observations, however, were inconsistent with this view. Certain characteristics seemed to be shared in common by individuals with dementia from the same cause, and these similarities were found in patients with quite different premorbid personalities and environments. Among the first distinctions made between dementias with different “organic” etiologies was the development of the concept of “subcortical” and “cortical” dementia.
Psychiatric Misdiagnosis
Published in Mark S. Gold, R. Bruce Lydiard, John S. Carman, Advances in Psychopharmacology: Predicting and Improving Treatment Response, 2018
Patients may have dehydration on the basis of either the loss of water or water and sodium. The diagnosis is made by electrolyte measurement and postural changes in blood pressure. The psychiatric symptomatology is usually that of an organic brain syndrome and often includes weakness, lethargy, confusion, and coma.
Is a hyperosmolar pump prime for cardiopulmonary bypass a risk factor for postoperative delirium? A double blinded randomised controlled trial
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 2023
Helena Claesson Lingehall, Yngve Gustafson, Staffan Svenmarker, Micael Appelblad, Fredrik Davidsson, Fredrik Holmner, Alexander Wahba, Birgitta Olofsson
Assessments were performed preoperatively and repeated after extubation on day 1 (+1) and day 3 (±1) postoperatively. Five persons blinded to group assignment were after formal training assigned to administer the test instruments. The test battery included: (1) The Mini Mental State Examination Second Edition Standard Version (MMSE-2 SV) to assess cognition [11]. (2) The Organic Brain Syndrome Scale (OBS) to assess disturbances of awareness and orientation and fluctuations of cognition and degree of emotional reactions and psychotic symptoms [12]. (3) The Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC) to assess disorientation, inappropriate behaviour, inappropriate communication, illusions or hallucinations and psychomotor retardation [13]. This is a routine procedure repeated three times every day from admittance to ICU until discharge from hospital. (4) Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) to assess degree of agitation or sedation [14]. (5) Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) to assess level of consciousness [15]. (6) Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) to assess depressive symptoms [16]. (7) Activities of Daily Living (ADL) to assess functional ability based on the Katz [17] and Barthel index [18].
Factors associated with lifetime suicide attempts: findings from the bipolar disorder course and outcome study from India (BiD-CoIN study)
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2023
Sandeep Grover, Ajit Avasthi, Rahul Chakravarty, Amitava Dan, Kaustav Chakraborty, Rajarshi Neogi, Avinash Desouza, Omkar Nayak, Samir Kumar Praharaj, Vikas Menon, Raman Deep, Manish Bathla, Alka A. Subramanyam, Naresh Nebhinani, Prosenjit Ghosh, Bhavesh Lakdawala, Ranjan Bhattacharya
The inclusion criteria for the study were diagnosis of BD as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental disorders; Fourth edition (DSM-IV) as ascertained by using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI PLUS), at least 18 years of age at the time of assessment, illness duration of at least ten years, and currently in clinical remission. Clinical remission was ascertained by a cut-off score of ≤7 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) [35] and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) [36]. Patients with intellectual disability, organic brain syndrome, and organic bipolar disorder were excluded. The course of illness was evaluated using the National Institute of Mental Health- Retrospective Life Charts: Clinician and Self-rated versions (NIMH: LCM – P and S/R) [37].
A comparative study evaluating insight in different phase of illness among patients with bipolar disorder by using multiple scales
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Shinjini Choudhury, Ajit Avasthi, Subho Chakrabarti, Sandeep Grover
For inclusion into the study, the patients were required to fulfil the criteria for BD-I as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental disorders; Fourth edition (DSM-IV) determined using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI PLUS) [37], aged 18–65 years, with a duration of illness of 2–15 years and able to read Hindi/English. Patients who were violent/uncooperative, had evidence of organic brain syndrome or intellectual disability, BD secondary to any organic cause, comorbid psychiatric disorders, medically too ill to participate were excluded from the study. Patients of BD, in any of the phase of illness, that is currently in remission, mania, or depression were recruited by purposive sampling by the first author, a trainee psychiatrist with one year experience in psychiatry. All the participants were assessed by the first author.