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Comparison of Healing Effect of DMSP in Green Sea Algae and Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Various Inflammatory Disorders
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
In contrast, MSCs remained equivocal to pass through into blood-brain barrier (BBB), but in vivo and in vitro experiments have recently showed the possibility that the neurovascular unit, constituted of astrocytes, neuron cells, and pericytes, in particular pericytes, significantly involve in the permeability of MSCs across BBB, and the pericytes can be replaced with MSCs, indicating that MSCs possess the ability to migrate across the BBB (Liu et al., 2013; Pombero, Garcia-Lopez & Martinez, 2016; Tian, Brookes & Battaglia, 2017).
Understanding Brain Delivery
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Joana Bicker, Ana Fortuna, Gilberto Alves, Amílcar Falcäo
Molecular traffic between the blood and the CNS is regulated by protective barriers: the BBB, formed by brain endothelial cells (BECs) and other elements of the neurovascular unit, that is, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neurons and extracellular matrix; the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), formed by epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, which secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the cerebral ventricles; and the avascular arachnoid epithelium, which does not significantly contribute to exchanges between the blood and the CNS due to a smaller surface area [19].
IVIM MRI: A Window to the Pathophysiology Underlying Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Published in Denis Le Bihan, Mami Iima, Christian Federau, Eric E. Sigmund, Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) MRI, 2018
Jacobus F. A. Jansen, Sau May Wong, Walter H. Backes
An important mechanism in the pathophysiology of cSVD is the impairment of cerebral blood flow (CBF). The autoregulation of CBF is carried out by mural cells (i.e., pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells) [4]. Through interactions with other elements of the neurovascular unit (NVU), they regionally regulate CBF by means of vessel contraction and dilation. For example, interneurons and endothelial cells have been shown to release nitric oxide, which relaxes the vascular smooth muscle cells and leads to vessel dilation [5]. In addition, astrocytes have also shown to be involved in the contraction and relaxation of pericytes [6]. Several changes in cSVD can contribute to the impairment of CBF. For example, cSVD is associated with the loss of smooth muscle cells and also the degeneration of the vessel wall composition [1]. Furthermore, pericytes have been shown to be affected [7]. The resulting malfunction in CBF autoregulation can cause persisting hypoperfusion [8]. This results in the depletion of nutrients and ultimately deterioration of brain tissue. However, hypoperfusion in itself is not a unique feature of cSVD, as many other neuronal and (systemic) cardiovascular disorders can contribute to impairment of CBF. Therefore, characterization of cSVD should focus on the properties of the vasculature and its interrelationship with parenchyma and not solely on blood flow.
Serum Cingulin levels are increased in children with autism spectrum disorder
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2023
Abdülbaki Artık, Ümit Işık, Bahar Öztelcan Gündüz, Soycan Mızrak
BBB is a highly regulated interface that separates peripheral circulation and CNS. Primarily, it functions as a selective diffusion barrier on cerebral microvascular endothelial level. BBB is generally defined as privatized endothelial cells that structurally covers the intraluminal part of brain capillaries. However, another more dynamic and functional definition accepts the periendothelial accessory structures as inseparable components of BBB. In addition to endothelial cells, BBB consists of astrocytes, pericytes, neurons and extracellular matrix. This established neurovascular unit is needed to preserve the underlying brain cells and the CNS homeostasis that is required for a stable and coordinated neuronal activity (Hawkins and Davis 2005). The structure of BBB is complicated and all the components form a functional neurovascular unit together.
Nano-lipidic formulation and therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease via intranasal route
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Shourya Tripathi, Ujala Gupta, Rewati Raman Ujjwal, Awesh K. Yadav
The area of treatment of cerebral diseases has been revolutionised with the entry of nanoparticles mediated drug delivery. Nanoparticles assisted drug delivery include peptides, proteins, nucleic acid, antibodies, and other drugs. The advantages of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery involve non-invasiveness, cost-effectiveness, ease of synthesis, good biodegradability, long-term stability, high targeting efficiency, and the drug release across the BBB in a highly controlled manner (Zhou et al.2018). A suitable nanocarrier used during the synthesis of nanoparticles can also aid in incrementing the concentration of drug inside the brain as compared to the drug alone. Nanoparticles are effective carriers to localise a variety of molecules inside the brain including genes, therapeutics, diagnostic and imaging agents as shown in Figure 4. These nanocarriers have profound advantages associated with their transport like improved delivery as well as the enhanced local concentration of such moieties (Teixeira et al.2020). The blood-brain barrier, a part of the neurovascular unit is composed of brain capillary cells forming endothelial cells adhered together with tight junctions which monitor the uptake and efflux of endogenous and exogenous agents in and out of the brain. The nanocarriers get delivered to the brain through the transcellular pathway following the transcytosis process via the endothelial cells of the BBB (Dai et al.2018).
The Correlation of Inflammation and Microvascular Changes with Diabetic Retinal Neurodegeneration
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Tuna Celik Buyuktepe, Sibel Demirel, Figen Batıoğlu, Emin Özmert
The alterations in neuronal function are thought to be due to the injury of the integrated neurovascular unit by direct neuroinflammatory insult that results in gradual, progressive neurodegeneration.4,5,12 There is growing consensus regarding the key role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of DR.13–15 Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are upregulated in the serum as well as the ocular samples.16,17 Activation of Müller glial cells prior to clinically overt DR suggests an early role of inflammation.15 Balance between upregulation and downregulation of the inflammatory process gives rise to alterations in the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) integrity and thus protein concentration in the aqueous flare.18,19 The laser flare-cell meter (LFCM) provides precise, objective, non-invasive measurements and quantification of flare intensity in the aqueous humor.19,20