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Natural Product Compounds from Plants in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Priya Darshani, Md TanjimAlam, Prem P. Tripathi, V.S. Pragadheesh
Neurodegenerative disorder or neurodegenerative disease is ‘umbrella terminology’ for the cluster of diseases that are characterized by progressive and irreversible damage to the central and peripheral nervous system. Neurodegeneration leads to a gradual loss of structure and function of the neuronal population of cells leading to impairments, thereby severely affecting the lives of patients (Wang et al., 2020). The most common factors which are intricately associated with neurodegeneration include aging, genetic mutations, epigenetics, environmental triggers, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, aberrant neuronal signaling, abnormal protein accumulation and programmed cell death (Pang et al., 2019; Taylor et al., 2002; Vila and Przedborski, 2003).
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration and Protection by Antioxidants
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Neurodegeneration refers to the disease condition in which certain neuronal groups in the brain and spinal cord, such as neurons related to cognitive functions and cells related to motor functions, lose their structure and function and gradually die. Unfortunately, the root cause of this is not yet known mainly because the type of neuron cells that degenerate depends on the disease type. These types can be divided broadly into the following categories: Disease syndromes that prevent fine motor movements: PD and Parkinsonian syndrome (multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, etc.)Disease syndromes that make it difficult to maintain the balance of the body: Spinocerebellar degeneration, some spastic paraplegia, etc.Disease syndromes that decrease muscle strength: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc.Disease syndromes that decrease cognitive ability: AD, Lewy body dementia, basal ganglia degeneration, etc.
Non-traumatic neurological conditions in medico-legal work
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Like stroke, dementia is not a specific disorder but rather a generic term for cognitive and behavioural disturbances produced by a variety of pathological processes. The pathologist may encounter dementia as a cause of abnormal behaviour, which may underlie self-harm or a road traffic accident, or may be required to comment on neurodegenerative changes in assault victims who may have been displaying unusual aggressive behaviour. Allegations of maltreatment may also occur because the victims not infrequently become cachectic. Dementia is caused not only by neurodegenerative pathology, but also by neoplasia, infections and metabolic cerebral dysfunction induced by disorders such as chronic renal failure or endocrine disorders such as hypoparathyroidism.
The human functional connectome in neurodegenerative diseases: relationship to pathology and clinical progression
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Massimo Filippi, Edoardo Gioele Spinelli, Camilla Cividini, Alma Ghirelli, Silvia Basaia, Federica Agosta
In the context of neurodegenerative disorders, it is fundamental to elaborate an accurate stratification of patients into prognostic groups, not only for the clinical impact at an individual patient level, but also to allow testing for efficacy of upcoming disease-modifying drugs in a homogeneous population. As a matter of fact, an incorrect selection of the target population is believed to have contributed to the failure of several clinical trials in neurology [68,69]. The development of predictive models of pathology progression taking into account MRI quantitative features is a ‘hot topic’ for research in the neuroimaging field. The paradigm of the brain functional connectome is an ideal tool to prove the prognostic implications of the network-based degeneration hypothesis, through the demonstration of a close correlation between (a) the ‘healthy’ connectomic architecture of brain networks functionally inter-linked with the disease epicenter of each clinical syndrome, and (b) the subsequent progression of neurodegeneration in patients. In fact, critical proof validating the trans-neuronal spreading model in neurodegenerative diseases can be provided only in a longitudinal setting, through the demonstration that network connectivity can predict the progressive spread of neurodegeneration at the individual patient level. However, to date, only few studies have performed this kind of analysis.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 3,7-substituted coumarin derivatives as multifunctional Alzheimer’s disease agents
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Sheunopa C. Mzezewa, Sylvester I. Omoruyi, Luke S. Zondagh, Sarel F. Malan, Okobi E. Ekpo, Jacques Joubert
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a group of cognitive and movement-related disorders resulting from neuronal loss in the brain. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent ND with over 30 million diagnosed patients worldwide1,2. Its symptoms are progressive and irreversible, initially characterised by recurring short-term memory loss which progresses to degeneration of higher cognitive functions such as decision making and language. Due to the nature of these symptoms, the disease comes at a great burden economically and socially3,4. There is no singular cause or process that is responsible for this neurodegeneration, rather it is the result of different interlinked mechanisms, underpinned by genetic and environmental factors. This complex pathophysiology has made treatment difficult and only symptomatic relief is provided by the drugs currently available on the market5–7.
Memantine nanoemulsion: a new approach to treat Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2020
Atinderpal Kaur, Kuldeep Nigam, Sukriti Srivastava, Amit Tyagi, Shweta Dang
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease and a consequence of progressive neurodegeneration occurring over a period of several years. This neurodegeneration leads to a gradual decrease in cognitive, functional and behavioural processes, producing characteristic symptoms such as memory loss, confusion, agitation, and difficulties performing the activities of daily living (McKhann et al. 1984). The symptoms become more severe over time, leading to decline in independence and an increasing reliance on caregiver support (Berg and Rapoport 2013). Currently, there are few pharmacologic treatments approved for treating mild-to-moderate and severe Alzheimer’s disease. Reflecting the pathological patterns of AD, the drugs for the treatment of AD are classified into two classes such as Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (Esiri et al.1999; Mobius et al. 2004). There are no treatments for the more advanced stages and long-lasting cure of Alzheimer’s disease.