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Long-Term Toxicity and Regulations for Bioactive-Loaded Nanomedicines
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Iqbal Ahmad, Sobiya Zafar, Shakeeb Ahmad, Suma Saad, S. M. Kawish, Sanjay Agarwal, Farhan Jalees Ahmad
The amount of drug crossing through the blood-brain barrier can be analyzed by radiography methods such as PET and CT systems (Frigell et al., 2013). Acute toxicity can be determined by brain histology examination (LM and TEM) and fluorescence imaging (Blasi et al., 2013). The nerve injury can be assessed by electrophysiological and behavioral studies. Animal models for the behavioral study show clinical symptoms such as convulsions, diarrhea, lethargy, salivation, nausea, etc., (Pradhan et al., 2014).
Wound healing and ulcers
Published in Rashmi Sarkar, Anupam Das, Sumit Sethi, Concise Dermatology, 2021
Neuropathic ulcers result from repeated inadvertent injury to an anaesthetic or hyperesthetic area of skin, subsequent to nerve injury. Nerve injury can result from various causes such as metabolic, infections, or toxic causes. The most common causes are diabetes mellitus and leprosy.
Answers
Published in Thomas Hester, Iain MacGarrow, Surgical SBAs for Finals with Explanatory Answers, 2018
There are three main types of nerve injury: Neuropraxia – damage to the nerve fibres, in which there is no disruption of the nerve or its sheath. The conduction is interrupted for only a short period of time, with recovery commencing soon after the injury and is complete in 6–8 weeks.Axonotmesis – this is injury to the axon and myelin sheath without disruption of the continuity of its perineural sheath. The axon distal to the lesion degenerates, termed Wallerian degeneration, and this usually begins 24 hours after injury. The axonal skeleton disintegrates and the axonal membrane breaks apart; this is followed by degradation of the myelin sheath and macrophage infiltration. Regrowth in the axon occurs from the node of Ranvier proximal to the injury. The rate of regeneration is approximately 1 mm day−1.Neurotmesis – complete disruption of the nerve and nerve sheath. If the two ends are not too far displaced then regeneration may take place, however functional recovery will be incomplete.
Neuromuscular disorders in women and men with spinal cord injury are associated with changes in muscle and tendon architecture
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Larissa Santana, Emerson Fachin-Martins, David Lobato Borges, Jonathan Galvão Tenório Cavalcante, Nicolas Babault, Frederico Ribeiro Neto, João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan, Rita de Cássia Marqueti
Invasive electromyography has identified neuromuscular electrophysiological disorders (NED) in individuals with complete and incomplete SCI.16–19 The most significant effect on nerve waveform amplitude suggests a predominant axonal involvement. However, there are no definitive findings on neuromuscular function changes observed in individuals with chronic SCI.17,18 Among the modalities used to evaluate peripheral nerve lesions, the Stimulus Electrodiagnosis Test (SET) is a non-invasive examination that quantifies nerve and muscle evoked responses using specific parameters of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to measure the rheobase, chronaxie, accommodation, and accommodation index.20–22 Invasive electromyography has been indicated as a relevant test to determine peripheral nerve injury level and severity.23 However, the feasibility of this test may be limited due to its considerable cost, need for a skilled physician, and the inherent risk of an invasive test.24 NED can also be diagnosed by SET, which presents sensitivity ranging from 88% to 100% compared to needle electromyography.21 The chronaxie needs to be considered in the proposal of NMES protocols for experimental and rehabilitation purposes.21,24,25 In addition, a possible mechanism for non-responsivity to NMES parameters has not yet been elucidated after SCI.
Therapeutic issues in Guillain–Barré syndrome
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Conversely, the appropriate time frame to start any immunotherapy in GBS is not anymore a matter of debate. Considering the mechanisms of nerve injury in this disorder and the potential long-term disability in affected people, the ‘time is nerve’ formula should be widely applied, at least in people who have a significant disability during the ascending phase of the disease. This necessitates careful monitoring of the clinical status of patients affected with GBS in the first hours and days after admission, so as not to miss the time window for treatment to be effective. Moreover, spinal root edema is a very early event in GBS, usually reflected by subtle electrodiagnostic abnormalities, such as F wave prolongation. In this respect, pulses of methylprednisolone in severely impaired patients in the early course of the disease might be worth prescribing, although controlled trials lack to confirm their efficacy.
Effects of Theranekron and alpha-lipoic acid combined treatment on GAP-43 and Krox-20 gene expressions and inflammation markers in peripheral nerve injury
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Leman Sencar, Gülfidan Coşkun, Dilek Şaker, Tuğçe Sapmaz, Samet Kara, Alper Çelenk, Sema Polat, Derviş Mansuri Yılmaz, Y. Kenan Dağlıoğlu, Sait Polat
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a major health problem affecting more than a million people worldwide every year. PNI can lead to the reduction of motor functions, sensory perception, and even death in severe cases.1 Traumatic limb complications that develop due to acute peripheral nerve injuries affect 3–10% of patients. Crushing, traction, ischemia, thermal stimulation, electric shock, radiation, percussion and vibration can be involved in the etiology of traumatic PNI.2 Traumatic injury is one of the main causes of physical disabilities. In the affected limb, neuropathic pain can be seen as well as paralysis due to sensory and motor function disorders.3 The success and duration of nerve repair in peripheral nerve injuries depend on the degree of nerve injury.4 Depending on the severity, the three types of the injury are neuropraxia, axonotmesis and neurotmesis according to the classification criteria developed by Seddon.5,6 While some peripheral nerve injuries may heal spontaneously, surgical intervention is required to prevent neuropathic pain or neural loss in some cases.1,2 Today, many microsurgical applications such as autograft/allograft transplantation, nonneuronal tissue grafts and nerve conduits are preferred in the treatment of peripheral nerve damage.2,7 In addition, the usability of neurotropic factors, steroids, hormones, chemicals and low frequency magnetic field applications for regeneration has been reported in studies.8