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Pharmacotherapy of Neurochemical Imbalances
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar, Suvarna Ingale
Nervous tissue possesses a superior capability to expend some chemical substances for communication, fairly numerous from that of neurotransmitters, that is proscribed to specific neurons. These chemical substances are known as neurohormones, substances produced from neurosecretory cells of the nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. Neurohormones have ability to travel to distant non-neuronal locations like endocrine messengers through blood and lymph. Unlike neurotransmitters, they are inactivated slowly and they are used by cells only once for the same action. Thus, neurohormones are the major mediators between nervous and non-nervous system (Scharrer, 1969). Yet, using this term is ambiguous because many times hypothalamic neurons also form synapses with central neurons. Cytochemical evidence indicates that the same substances that are secreted as hormones from the posterior pituitary, mediate transmission at these sites (Bloom, 2006).
Local Anesthetics and Anesthetic Solutions: Classification, Mode of Action and Dosages
Published in Marwali Harahap, Adel R. Abadir, Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dermatologic Surgery, 2019
Local anesthetics impair the generation and transmission of nerve impulses. They act both on all types of nerve cells as well as the peripheral nervous tissue, on efferent motor, and on autonomous as well as afferent sensory nerves. The action on smooth and striated muscles as well as sweat glands is inhibited depending on the action on their innervating nerves.
Anesthesia of the nail unit
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
Local anesthetics work by diffusing into the nerve cells through hydrophobic cell membranes and block the voltage-gated sodium channels of the free nerve endings. Blocking of sodium channels prevents nerve depolarization, blocking propagation of nerve impulse and thus retarding the transmission of pain. They act on all types of nerve cells as well as the peripheral nervous tissue, on efferent motor and afferent sensory and autonomic nerves.
Lack of bombesin receptor-activated protein homologous protein impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity and promotes chronic unpredictable mild stress induced behavioral changes in mice
Published in Stress, 2023
Xueping Yao, Xiaoqun Qin, Hui Wang, Jiaoyun Zheng, Zhi Peng, Jie Wang, Horst Christian Weber, Rujiao Liu, Wenrui Zhang, Ji Zeng, Suhui Zuo, Hui Chen, Yang Xiang, Chi Liu, Huijun Liu, Lang Pan, Xiangping Qu
Nervous tissue has a tremendous capacity of plasticity. In response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli neural networks change based upon synapse regulation and reorganization of circuitry. Psychosocial stressors or stressful life events have been shown to have profound effects on neural structure and function in susceptible individuals. For example, neuroplasticity hypothesis, which was proposed for understanding the mechanisms of the development of depression, incorporates the continually remodeling of key brain systems in response to various situations. It suggests that a disrupt or dysfunction of neural plasticity contributes to behaviors related to depression (Duman et al., 2016; B. Liu et al., 2017; Pittenger & Duman, 2008; Racagni & Popoli, 2008). Typical antidepressants may improve neuroplasticity through monoamine neurotransmitters’ stimulation of the postsynaptic monoamine receptors (Racagni & Popoli, 2008). In addition, other treatments such as psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and electroconvulsive shock treatment may also have therapeutic effects on depression through regulating neural plasticity in experimental animals (B. Liu et al., 2017).
Outcome of non-instrumented lumbar spinal surgery in obese patients: a systematic review
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2022
Julian Ghobrial, Pravesh Gadjradj, Biswadjiet Harhangi, Ruben Dammers, Carmen Vleggeert-Lankamp
In obese patients, the clinical presentation of complaints is comparable to the complaints in non-obese patients. Although surgical intervention has the same objective, namely decompression of the nervous tissue, it can be different in its access. The thick layer of fat covering the long back muscles enlarges the distance from the skin to the structures of interest for surgery and necessitates the surgeon to use a spreading device with longer blades. Hence, the overview of the region of interest is somewhat less than in non-obese patients. Moreover, all tissue is covered in fat, which also contributes to a poor overview of the surgical area. On top of that, in postoperative mobilization, the mass of the patient makes mobilization more difficult with an increased load on the long back muscles.14 This may have a negative influence on the postoperative leg and back pain and mobilization.
Ultrastructural evidence for presenсe of gap junctions in rare case of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2020
Evgeniya Yu. Kirichenko, Sehweil Salah M. M., Zoya A. Goncharova, Aleksei G. Nikitin, Svetlana Yu. Filippova, Sergey S. Todorov, Marina A. Akimenko, Alexander K. Logvinov
Despite the rarity of PXA, a large amount of data concerning the features of the cellular structure of this type of tumor has been accumulated. Nevertheless, the characteristics of intercellular communication in PXA are poorly studied. To date, only a few descriptions of desmosome-like contacts have been obtained.11,12 At the same time, the existence of gap junctions and half-channels, as well as the expression of their constituent proteins in astrocytic tumors, is an urgent topic in modern neurooncology.13–15 Gap junctions (GJ) are hexametric membrane pores, formed by connexins that directly connect cytoplasms of two cells. In nervous tissue, they can be formed either between neuronal cells16, or between astroglial and oligodendroglial cells.17 According to the modern data, GJs occupy a special place among the various types of intercellular contacts and serve as the key structural and functional component of metabolic homeostasis maintenance in the brain.18 The controversial role of GJ in astrocytic tumor pathogenesis has been investigated in a number of studies. On the one hand, GJ possesses such pro-oncogenic properties as tumor cells migration promotion19 and transmission of transforming signals from tumor to nonmalignant tissue.20 On the other hand, connexins proteins have been known for the antiproliferative activity.14