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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The allocortex areas are in the peripheral parts of the cerebral cortex and have only three or four layers. The main constituents of the allocortex are the hippocampus and parts of the olfactory system concerned with the sense of smell. The hippocampus, located in the medial temporal lobe, acts as a memory gateway to the brain by contributing to short-term memory and by helping to consolidate short-term memory to long-term memory. It is also involved in spatial navigation and spatial memory and in some behavioral respects, such as the ability to inhibit previously learnt responses.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Limbic Encephalopathy in a Dysregulated Neuroimmune Network
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
The most convincing clinical experience suggesting a central cause for fatigue is that of George Karpati, a neuropathologist at the Montreal Neurological Institute, where Wilder Penfield did his pioneering neurosurgical work. Dr. Karpati reports on stereotactic brain stimulation in patients with intractable epilepsy being considered for ablative surgery. Some of the patients, when being stimulated in the medial temporal lobe, report a sudden onset of severe fatigue, “like someone turned on a faucet and drained all the energy out of me.” 3 Although electrode stimulation of the brain is an imprecise technique, this finding is what one would expect. The amygdala and hippocampus are located in the medial temporal lobe, as is the dentate gyms adjacent to the hippocampus. The granule cells of the dentate gyms have the highest concentration of IL-1 receptors in the brain, and if cytokines are involved in causing fatigue, as one would expect from the fatiguing malaise associated with infections and therapeutic administration of alpha interferon and interleukin-2, the medial temporal lobe is where a fatigue center should be.
The psychobiology underlying swearing and taboo language
Published in Philip N. Murphy, The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
The previous section mentioned the study by La Bar and Phelps (1998) which aimed to assess the phenomenon whereby memory for emotionally charged stimuli, including swearing and taboo language, is enhanced. These investigators particularly wished to assess whether structures in the medial temporal lobe, including the amygdala, mediated this enhancement. To achieve this, they recruited a group of 22 individuals who had undergone left or right resection of medial temporal lobe structures, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and adjacent cortex, as treatment for intractable epilepsy. They were shown stimuli words that were either arousing, including words that were sexual, profane and taboo in nature, or neutral. Their recall of these words, immediately and after a one-hour delay, was compared with that of a similar number of age-matched healthy control subjects.
Unilateral amygdala ablation: a potential treatment option for severe chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Lois Teye-Botchway, Jon T. Willie, Sanne J.H. van Rooij
Regarding the issue of generalizability of our prior observations, epilepsy patients have brain alterations that lead to seizure activity, meaning the ablated tissue is pathological. In these cases, even though ablation of medial temporal lobe structures for treatment-resistant epilepsy is associated with some measurable adverse effects on spatial recall and pattern recognition [9], the benefits of controlling the seizures outweighed the risks of treatment. The risk versus benefits assessment may be different in a non-epileptic brain. Importantly, amygdala alation is a surgical procedure that may have unforeseen irreversible effects in individuals who do not have epilepsy. Currently, there is no data on the potential impact of amygdala ablation on emotional, cognitive, or other clinical outcomes in non-epileptic patients. Extrapolating available data on these outcomes in epilepsy patients suggests an optimistic picture [15], but for serious consideration of this treatment, data in non-epilepsy patients is needed. An obvious next step is more research into this area in PTSD patients without epilepsy, but the same uncertainties and risks would still apply. The challenge for researchers now is how to effectively translate what we have learned about the relationships between the amygdala and PTSD from epileptic patients with PTSD to a patient population without epilepsy.
Surgical resection of dysembryoplatic neuroepithelioma tumor associated with epilepsy based on imaging classification
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Yang Yao, Dong Zhang, Yinbao Qi, Ruobing Qian, Chaoshi Niu, Xiaorui Fei
Based on the preoperative investigation, all surgeries were undergone under intraoperative cortical electroencephalogram monitoring (ECoG) and MR-based neuro-navigation. Many experts believe that the application of ECoG can significantly improve the outcome of seizure control [13–15]. At the same time, the use of preoperative 3D image processing to plan a suitable surgical approach and resection range can also increase the total tumor resection rate. The aim of surgery was the removal of the lesion identified on MRI and the possible epileptogenic zone (EZ)[16]. The tumor resection range was categorized as gross total (no distinct residual tumor), subtotal (>90% of tumor removal), partial (<90% of tumor removal), and enlarged resection. The enlarged excision included resection of tumors and peripheral discharge cortex. On the other hand, most resection performed in the lesions involving the medial temporal lobe consisted in a lesionectomy associated with a corticectomy, including amygdalohippocampectomy and anterior temporal lobectomy [17].
Recognition in Posthypnotic Amnesia, Revisited
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2021
Experiment 3 examined another aspect of temporal context – whether amnesic subjects can recover the sequential relationships between list items. Although there is some debate about whether sequence and other time-related features are encoded automatically in memory (Hasher & Zacks, 1979; Naveh–Benjamin, 1990), the temporal relations among events are important features of episodic context guiding the search through memory (Yntema & Trask, 1963). Prior research on PHA found that hypnotizable subjects who are able to recall at least the items of the hypnotizability scales, despite the suggestion for complete amnesia, nevertheless display a deficit in temporal organization – that is, they tend not to recall scale items in the order in which they occurred (Evans & Kihlstrom, 1973; Kihlstrom & Evans, 1979); they also show a disruption of serial organization when recalling a wordlist memorized during hypnosis (Kihlstrom & Wilson, 1984; for a review, see Kihlstrom, 2020). Amnesic patients with damage to the hippocampus and other structures of the medial temporal lobe also have difficulty reconstructing the temporal order of events (Palombo et al., 2019; Palombo & Verfaellie, 2017; Shimamura et al., 1990), as do nonamnesic patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex (Schacter, 1987; Shimamura et al., 1990) and elderly subjects (Seewald et al., 2018). Accordingly, Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that amnesic subjects would be unable to retrieve information about the temporal order in which recognized items occurred.