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Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
However, the leading cause of dementia is AD, which results from death of cerebral cortex cells. Abnormal proteins, believed to be beta amyloids, form lesions in the cerebral cortex that eventually disrupt and destroy surrounding cells. Vascular dementia is caused by atherosclerosis in the brain, in which inadequate blood flow supplies insufficient oxygen. Areas of dead tissue then form, and vascular dementia develops. This is usually linked to previous cardiovascular conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and high cholesterol. Parkinson’s disease results in buildup of Lewy bodies in the brain, which eventually affect memory and cognition, causing dementia. Lewy body dementia usually affects people with no family history, and its causes are unclear. Huntington’s disease also results in dementia, and is caused by a genetic mutation resulting in death of nerve cells in the basal ganglia.
Central nervous system: Adult-onset and psychiatric disorders
Published in Angus Clarke, Alex Murray, Julian Sampson, Harper's Practical Genetic Counselling, 2019
The term Lewy body dementia is now often used to separate a subgroup of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with somewhat different clinical features (e.g. a fluctuating course) and particular brain changes. The synuclein genes α-synuclein (SNCA) and β-synuclein (SNCB) are implicated. The clinical features can overlap with either Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease.
Answers
Published in Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield, The Complete SAQ Study Guide, 2019
Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield
Dementia is a syndrome of acquired global impairment of higher mental functions that occurs in clear consciousness. It is normally progressive and irreversible, although there are some reversible causes, such as B12 deficiency, thiamine deficiency and hypothyroidism. It is commonly in the elderly population. Alzheimer’s disease is the commonest form of dementia and typically presents over a number of years with progressive memory loss. Vascular dementia is a result of cerebrovascular disease, and the risk factors are the same as those for cardiovascular disease. Its progression is typically described as being step-wise. Patients with Lewy body dementia tend to have a fluctuating level of dementia and numerous delirium-like phases. Visual hallucinations are common in this form of dementia, as are signs of Parkinsonism.
Unmet needs in the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease psychosis and dementia-related psychosis
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2023
Marwan Sabbagh, Gary W. Small, Stuart H. Isaacson, Yasar Torres-Yaghi, Fernando Pagan, Rajesh Pahwa
The development of PDP is associated with risk factors, such as advanced age, disease severity, disease duration, sleep disturbances, and most significantly, dementia (Goldman & Holden, 2014; Martinez-Ramirez et al., 2016). The presence or absence of dementia may be associated with differences in symptoms, which may need to be considered for therapy selection. For example, it was found that 70% of Parkinson's disease patients with dementia report visual hallucinations, compared to only 10% of patients without dementia (Goldman & Holden, 2014). Visual hallucinations with well-formed images and preserved insight are more commonly reported in PDP; however, hallucinations may worsen and insight can be lost with increased cognitive impairment (Goldman & Holden, 2014; Samudra et al., 2016). Visual hallucinations and non-visual hallucinations (such as auditory, sensory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory) before motor symptoms or early in the disease course may suggest Lewy body dementia (Martinez-Ramirez et al., 2016).
Pharmacological management of dementia with Lewy bodies with a focus on zonisamide for treating parkinsonism
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Francesco Panza, Madia Lozupone, Mark Watling, Bruno P. Imbimbo
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD), jointly known as Lewy body dementias (LBD) [1], are the second most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia in people older than 65 years, although they have different epidemiological, neuropathological and clinical features [2–4]. In particular, the point-prevalence of dementia is roughly 25% in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) [5]. Most PD patients who survive for more than 10 years will develop dementia [6]. In a recent systematic review, DLB accounted for 0.3–24.4% of all cases of dementia in prevalence studies [4]. In an earlier systematic review, the mean prevalence of probable DLB was 4.2% in community-based studies and 7.5% in clinical-based studies [2]. DLB and PDD are typically differentiated by the arbitrary ‘1-year rule’ [3]. This declares that DLB is diagnosed if dementia occurs before or concurrently with parkinsonism or within 1 year of the onset of extrapyramidal motor symptoms. Alternatively, the diagnosis is PDD if dementia starts 1 year or more after well-established PD [7].
Analysis of risk factors for depression in Alzheimer’s disease patients
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Hai Yang, Wenjuan Hong, Le Chen, Yong Tao, Zeyan Peng, Huadong Zhou
Diagnosis of AD were based on the National Institute of Neurology and Language Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Association’s diagnostic criteria for Nazard’s disease (NINCDS-ADRDA criteria) [10]. Vascular dementia and mixed dementia were excluded using the Hachinski Ischemic Scale (HIS score ≥ 4) [11]. Lewy body dementia was excluded using the fourth edition of the Lewy Body Dementia Diagnosis and Management Consensus [12]. The use of frontotemporal dementia clinical diagnostic guidelines to exclude frontotemporal dementia [13].