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Problems Assessing Executive Dysfunction in Neurobehavioural Disability
Published in Tom M. McMillan, Rodger Ll. Wood, Neurobehavioural Disability and Social Handicap following Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
These tests developed by Burgess and Shallice (1997) were standardised on 91 patients with circumscribed neoplastic and haemorrhagic lesions but did not include a head trauma sample (Burgess et al., 1998). When used with patients who have circumscribed lesions, performance on the Brixton test appears to dissociate inductive reasoning, monitoring, and working memory, all of which are mediated by the left lateral frontal cortex, from processes that monitor behaviour mediated by the right lateral cortex (Reverberi et al., 2005). A similar left hemisphere bias can be made about the Hayling test. When used in association with functional imaging techniques to identify cortical areas responsible for verbal initiation and suppression in normal subjects, left frontal activation was predominant (Nathaniel-James, Fletcher & Frith, 1997). However, use of the Hayling and Brixton tests with head trauma patients has produced less clear results. Bajo and Nathaniel-James (2001) compared Hayling and Brixton performance with the DEX. They found that Hayling – part 1 (initiation) correlated weakly (.21–.28) with all three DEX factors (response suppression, intentionality, and executive memory) and the Brixton Test correlated moderately with the executive memory factor (.40). However, Hayling – part 2 (response suppression) did not correlate significantly with scores on any of the three DEX factors. It appears therefore that whilst the Hayling and Brixton tests of executive function may be useful in cases of circumscribed cerebral lesions, their clinical utility in the assessment of executive abnormalities in patients who have suffered TBI remains uncertain.
The Oxford digital multiple errands test (OxMET): Validation of a simplified computer tablet based multiple errands test
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Sam S. Webb, Anders Jespersen, Evangeline G. Chiu, Francesca Payne, Romina Basting, Mihaela D. Duta, Nele Demeyere
Many well used tests have been developed on the basis of the SAS theory, including the Tower of London (Shallice, 1982), and The Hayling and Brixton tests (Bielak et al., 2006; Burgess & Shallice, 1997). The Tower of London assesses planning and problem-solving ability, the Hayling test assesses proponent response inhibition, response initiation, and strategy use (Robinson et al., 2015), and the Brixton task assesses updating responses and abstraction of rules (Van Den Berg et al., 2009; Van der Linden & Andres, 2001). Meta-analysis of neuroimaging tasks have found frontal lobe involvement in performance on tasks associated with the SAS (Cieslik et al., 2015), although frontal lobe damage does not always lead to failure on SAS tasks (see Vordenberg et al., 2014). Though executive functions, defined from any theory, are now most often framed to be supported by a diffuse network of white and grey matter (e.g., Sasson et al., 2013), this network is thought to be mediated by the frontal lobes (Antoniak et al., 2019; Bettcher et al., 2016).
Good things better? Reappraisal and discrete emotions in acquired brain injury
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2020
Leanne Rowlands, Rudi Coetzer, Oliver H. Turnbull
A short battery of cognitive control tasks was used to measure working memory, verbal fluency, and inhibition. Working Memory was measured using the Digit Span (forward, backwards, and sequence) sub-task from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS IV) (Wechsler, 2008). These tasks are informative measures of working memory in brain-injured participants, and have been used as a marker for cognitive deficits (e.g., Millis et al., 2001).Verbal Ability was assessed using the Letter Fluency sub-task from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function system (D-KEFS) (Delis, Kaplan, & Kramer, 2001). Letter fluency has been shown to be more strongly associated to cognitive control than other measures (Henry & Crawford, 2004), and has been used previously to investigate cognitive control and reappraisal in patients with ABI (Salas et al., 2014).Inhibition was evaluated using the Hayling sentence completion task from the Hayling and Brixton tests (Burgess & Shallice, 1997). This task was chosen due to its sensitivity (Burgess & Shallice, 1997), and validity in a sample of brain-injured patients (Odhuba, van den Broek, & Johns, 2005).
Evaluation of NeuroPage as a memory aid for people with multiple sclerosis: A randomised controlled trial
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2020
Rachel A Goodwin, Nadina B Lincoln, Roshan das Nair, Andrew Bateman
Self-reported demographic information and details of type of MS and years since diagnosis were recorded. A cognitive assessment was conducted to document the nature of the memory impairment and to record factors that may be related to treatment response. The measures used were: Everyday Memory Questionnaire (EMQ) (Sunderland, Harris, & Baddeley, 1983) to assess memory functioning in everyday life. The EMQ consists of 28 items, each describing everyday activities, which may involve memory failure, and each item is rated on the frequency of occurrence. Scores range from 0 to 112, with higher scores suggesting more frequent forgetting.Doors and People Test (Baddeley, Emslie, & Nimmo-Smith, 1994) to assess memory performance. This battery of four tests yields a single age-scaled overall score which is derived from individual measures of visual and verbal memory, recall and recognition and forgetting (Evans, Wilson, & Emslie, 1996). Scaled scores range from 0 to 19, with lower scores suggesting more impaired memory performance, and average performance indicated by a score of 10.Hayling and Brixton tests (Burgess & Shallice, 1997) to assess executive functions. The Hayling Test evaluates initiation speed and response suppression, and the Brixton Test is a rule detection and rule following task. Sten scores range from 1 to 10 with a standard deviation of 2, with lower scores suggesting more impaired executive functioning performance, and average performance indicated by a score of 5.Test of Everyday Attention (TEA; Robertson, Ward, Ridgeway, & Nimmo-Smith, 1994) is a battery of eight tasks to measure attentional processes. Age-scaled scores were derived for each subtest. As with the Doors and People test, scores range from 0 to 19, with lower scores suggesting more impaired attention performance.