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Introduction: Epilepsy
Published in Candace M. Kent, David M. Chan, Analysis of a Model for Epilepsy, 2022
Candace M. Kent, David M. Chan
The term semiology refers to the clinical manifestations, in terms of signs (objective features) and symptoms (subjective features), that are peculiar to seizures originating from a particular region of the brain. The terms anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial refer to the front, back, side, and middle, respectively, of the brain. The human brain is divided into two halves, the left cerebral hemisphere and the right cerebral hemisphere. Each hemisphere is, in turn, divided into four lobes: the frontal lobe, located anteriorly; the occipital lobe, located posteriorly; the parietal lobe, located between the frontal and occipital lobes; and the temporal lobe, located medially and laterally. The cortical tissue or cortex of the brain is the “gray matter” covering both cerebral hemispheres, and is gray because it contains the cell bodies of neurons. The neocortex makes up most of the cortex and consists of six layers of different types of neurons [42].
Paper 2
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
Band heterotropia is a diffuse form of grey matter heterotopia almost exclusively affecting females. It is associated with seizures and developmental delay. On imaging, this condition is characterised by a band of grey matter located deep to and roughly paralleling the cortex.
The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is subdivided by the great longitudinal fissure: each half is called a cerebral hemisphere. In cross-section, the hemispheres consist of an outer layer of grey matter and an internal area of white matter. White matter is made up mainly of myelinated axons; grey matter is mainly made of neurone cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia. The outer layer of grey matter is approximately 3mm thick, contains billions of neurones and is called the cerebral cortex.
Selecting the right treatment plan for schizophrenia in postmenopausal women: an update of the literature
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Impaired cognitive functions are afeature of subjective symptoms associated with both menopause and schizophrenia. Amulti-modality neuroimaging study by Mosconi etal. [24] found substantial differences in brain structure, connectivity, and energy metabolism across the three stages of the menopausal transition (pre-menopause, peri-menopause, and post-menopause) in general population women. The brain regions that subserve higher-order cognitive processes were impaired when compared with age-matched males, indicating that menopause rather than age was chiefly responsible. Genetic predisposition is, of course, critical to this association. The Mosconi etal. [24] study found more amyloid-β deposits in perimenopausal and post-menopausal women with the apolipoprotein E-4 (APOE-4) genotype than in those without. The results showed that compensatory mechanisms gradually overturned menopause-related impairment, with brain biomarkers largely stabilizing over time. In the chief cognition-related brain regions, gray matter volume recovered. Cognitive problems in schizophrenia women of menopausal age tend to be viewed by clinicians as an inevitable accompaniment of the progression of the disorder. They appear, however, to be preventable by hormone replacement. This can be seen in reproductive aged women as well. Iqbal etal. [25], for instance, have demonstrated significant gene expression changes across the estrous cycle in the hippocampus.
Effect of axonal fiber architecture on mechanical heterogeneity of the white matter—a statistical micromechanical model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Hesam Hoursan, Farzam Farahmand, Mohammad Taghi Ahmadian
Human brain white matter consists of axonal bundles which connect nerve cell bodies mostly located in the grey matter. A sudden inertial loading on the head can cause Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) of white matter, which involves axonal damage in a variety of modes. Among the failure modes of axons, rapid stretching of neural tracts, leading to the impairment of axoplasmic transport and subsequent swelling and neuropathologic problems, has been reported to be the prevailing failure mode (McKenzie et al. 1996; Smith and Meaney 2000; Di Pietro 2013). DAI tends to occur in three anatomical regions of white matter, known as the “injury triad”: the lobar white matter (including corona radiata), the corpus callosum, and the dorsolateral quadrant of the rostal brainstem, adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle (Tsao 2012).
Editorial 4
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2021
Amidfar et al. reviewed grey matter volume abnormalities in the first depressive episode of medication-naïve adult individuals. For this purpose, a thorough search of the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar was conducted. 845 medication-naïve adults in their first depressive episode were contrasted against 940 healthy controls on their grey matter volumes, comprising a total of 21 voxel-based morphometric (VBM) studies. Findings indicate both, reduced and increased grey matter volumes. Amongst other regions, increases in volume were found in the orbitofrontal and prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus and cingulate cortex. Reductions in grey matter volume are apparent in regions such as the postcentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, insula, precuneus and amygdala. These results suggest that even the first instances of depressive episodes are accompanied by structural brain abnormalities.