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Diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
Evoked response testing in the usual manner (without BEAM), can also be abnormal. The types of abnormalities may help in distinguishing CFS from multiple sclerosis, which in its early stages may be quite similar to CFS. We have found a highly significant abnormality in the P100 wave in the auditory evoked responses of 12 out of 12 CFS patients, suggesting a hippocampal localization. A group from London has reported abnormalities in latency or amplitude of the P300 wave in the cognitive event-related potentials but not in sensory-related potentials of about 50% of 37 CFS patients tested 46 MS patients have more widespread derangements in evoked responses and should be able to be distinguished from individuals with CFS on this basis as well as several others.
Translating the Medical Record
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Other special diagnostic studies include the electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures and records electrical impulses from the cortex of the brain. This is used for several purposes, such as to assist in diagnosing epilepsy, narcolepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. It is used to evaluate brain tumors, abscesses, subdural hematomas, cerebral infarcts, and intracranial hemorrhages. This procedure is also used to determine electrocerebral silence or "brain death." Terms associated with EEG include auditory brain stem response (ABR), visual-evoked response (VES), and somatosensory-evoked response (SER). EEG recording techniques are used in combination with computer data processing to evaluate electrophysiologic integrity of these pathways.
Female Methods
Published in Sujoy K. Guba, Bioengineering in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
An extension of the electromyographic technique known as sacral evoked response is now being practised in may urological units. EMG monitoring alone gives an indication of the natural activity but is inadequate to investigate the total neurogenic reflex path. Evoked response is the outcome of a controlled stimulus. The site of stimulus and of the response recording may be so selected that the neural pathway of interest figures in the response to the input. For the micturition system a neural integration center is the sacral S2-S4 spinal segment. The sacral evoked response examines the reflex via this center and is more specific than the bulbocavernosus reflex. Neuropathic, myopathic and functional bladder disorders can be distinguished. Lesions of the conus medullaris or cauda equina can also be localized.
Behavior and electrophysiological effects on striatum-nigra circuit after high frequency stimulation. Relevance to Parkinson and epilepsy
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Igor Tchaikovsky, Marilia Marinho Lucena, Belmira-Lara da Silveira Andrade da Costa, Norberto Garcia-Cairasco, Pedro V. Carelli, Marcelo Cairrao
The HFS used in present study consisted of 100 Hz electrical pulses with three second duration and 1 s interval (Figure 1A, right). The pulse was a bipolar sinusoidal wave (Figure 1A, bottom) applied to the stimulation electrode implanted in dorsomedial striatum (Figure 1C). It ranged from +15mV to −15 mV, duration 130 us. Since it was applied to the same electrode, no net charges were left in the tissue, reducing the risk of lesions. For the evoked potentials recorded in SNPr, the same bipolar pulse was applied in the dorsomedial striatum, but in a low frequency (one pulse every 10 s) for 5 min (resulting in 30 recordings). An average evoked potential algorithm was developed to average recordings with 100 ms duration, starting from stimulation onset (Figure 1E). The first 20 ms were ignored to make sure that only the evoked response was included in the analysis (Figure 1E, “analyzed epoch”). An additional z-score analysis was used to guarantee that the evoked response was actually biological and not only electronic artifact (see legend of Figure 1 for more details). The stimulator used was a homemade version yielded by Prof. Vinicius Rosa Cota (Federal University of São João Del Rei, Brazil). The local field recording was done with TDT biocamp processor RZ2S3 series (Tucker Davies, Alachua, USA).
Pathobiology of ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles in long-term diabetic male rats and its implication on erectile dysfunction
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Prakash Seppan, Ibrahim Muhammed, Zafar Iqbal Khan Mohammad, Sathya Bharathy Sathyanathan
The initiation and maintenance of penile erection depend on nerve control of the vasculature [25], concurrently, the integrity of the striated muscle system, i.e. ischiocavernosus (IC) and bulbospongiosus (BS) is mandatory for rigid erection. The penile bulb is surrounded by the BS, the penile crura and proximal part of the shaft by the IC [26,27]. The BS arises from the perineal body, and its anterior fibers end in a tendinous expansion, which extends over the dorsal aspect of the penis covering the dorsal vessels [26]. The BS assists in penile erection by compressing the erectile tissue of the penile bulb and the deep dorsal vein of the penis [28]. The IC arises from the ischial tuberosity and ramus, and its fleshy fibers end in an aponeurosis attached to the sides and undersurface of the crus penis [26]. The contractions of muscles on corporal tissue facilitate elevation of intracavernous pressure (ICP) that seems to be a reflex and mediated through the corpus cavernosum, which apparently leads to rigid erection [29]. Changes in the evoked response amplitude would indicate a defect in the reflex pathway. In the rigid erection phase, ICP may increase well above the systolic pressure due to IC and BS muscle contraction [30]. It has been noted that surgical removal of IC and BS leads to ED [31], indicating importance of IC and BS in penile erection.
Potential insertion complications with cochlear implant electrodes
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2020
Akira Ishiyama, Frank Risi, Paul Boyd
Apart from direct visual or imaging confirmation of electrode position, there are also several objective measures that may provide some information relevant to electrode positioning. In particular, there has been considerable recent interest in the potential of electrocochleography (ECoG) recordings using the intracochlear contacts of a CI electrode array as a means of monitoring residual acoustic hearing during insertion of the electrode (Bester et al., 2017; O’Connell et al., 2017b) or predicting electrode location or scalar translocation (Koka et al., 2018). Other evoked response measures, such as neural response telemetry (compound action potential) or electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses, can also confirm proximity to surviving neural elements (Jeong et al., 2015; Telmesani and Said, 2015).