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Drug therapy
Published in Jeremy Playfer, John Hindle, Andrew Lees, Parkinson's Disease in the Older Patient, 2018
Dopamine agonists have been available to treat Parkinson’s disease for more than 20 years. These drugs have the theoretical advantage that they act directly on postsynaptic receptors and, unlike levodopa, are not dependent on the degenerating presynaptic nigrostriatal neurones. Like many other neurotransmitters, dopamine fulfils more than one function in the brain. This heterogeneity of action and tissue distribution is reflected by the different classes and sub-types of dopamine receptor (D1–D5). The dopamine receptors are classified into two major classes: D1-like receptors (D1 and D5), and D2 microceptors (D2, D3 and D4). The caudate nucleus and putamen contain a high density of D1 and D2 receptors, which are concerned with motor function – the D1 receptor being involved in the direct motor loop and the D2 receptor in the indirect motor loops. The main dopamine pathways concerned with movement are in the neostriatum.
Neuroanatomy of basic cognitive function
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Jessica G. Ashley, Matthew J. Ashley
Long-term potentiation (LTP) occurring in the hippocampus serves as a component of synaptic consolidation. LTP in the hippocampus is largely dependent upon dopaminergic availability.76 Some authors suggest dopamine receptor (D1/D5) activation serves to initiate intracellular second messenger accumulation, functioning more in a modulatory role.77 There actually may be a synergistic role between D1/D5 receptor activation and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NDMA) receptor activation for LTP induction.78
Anti-depressant effects of ethanol extract from Cannabis sativa (hemp) seed in chlorpromazine-induced Drosophila melanogaster depression model
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Yejin Ahn, Sung Hee Han, Min Guk Kim, Ki-Bae Hong, Woo Jung Kim, Hyung Joo Suh, Kyungae Jo
Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders and causes significant difficulties and disabilities, affecting people’s thoughts, emotions, behaviour, physical functioning, and overall quality of life (Keles et al. 2020). Symptoms of depression include fatigue, concentration difficulties, sleep disorder, and changes in weight or appetite. The major causes of depression reported are functional imbalances and deficiencies of monoamine-based neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (Dean and Keshavan 2017; Brennenstuhl et al. 2019). The regulation of dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex is a target of many pharmacological treatments and natural substances in the treatment of depression. The prefrontal cortex is regulated by the neurotransmission of catecholamines and incorporates cognitive and emotional information. Upregulation of dopamine receptor D1 due to low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is a remarkable factor for depression (Lavergne and Jay 2010). Several studies have demonstrated that dopamine metabolites and receptors in both cerebrospinal fluid and brain regions affect mood and motivation (Dunlop and Nemeroff 2007).
MicroRNA-15a, microRNA-15b and microRNA-16 inhibit the human dopamine D1 receptor expression in four cell lines by targeting 3′UTR –12 bp to + 154 bp
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Xue Wu, Feng-ling Xu, Xi Xia, Bao-jie Wang, Jun Yao
The dopamine receptor is G protein-coupled receptor and includes two types: D1-like type and D2-like type. The activation of D1-like receptors increases the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+ levels by activating adenylyl cyclase, whereas the activation of D2-like receptors decreases the adenylyl cyclase and cAMP levels [5]. The former includes dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) and dopamine receptor D5, whereas the later includes dopamine receptor D2, D3 and D4. Dopamine receptor D1 is highly expressed in the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortical region in the brain [6]. It can up-regulate the activity of adenylate cyclase [7]. Dopamine receptor D1 is involved in the regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory, motor control and social cognition behaviour [8–10].