China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Above the midbrain lies the forebrain (termed the ‘prosencephalon’). This comprises the paired cerebral hemispheres on each side of the centrally located tissue called the diencephalon. The diencephalon is the site of the epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus.
Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The next major subdivision encountered is the diencephalon, consisting mainly of the thalamus, the hypothalamus just below the thalamus, including the posterior part of the pituitary gland, and the pineal gland. The thalamus constitutes about 80% of the diencephalon by volume and processes all sensory signals on their way to the cerebral cortex, with the exception of olfactory signals. It is involved in regulating sleep and wakefulness, arousal, and awareness. Its functions are discussed in Chapter 12. The hypothalamus is a regulatory center for several metabolic, autonomic, and behavioral responses, including body temperature, fluid and electrolytic balance, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, circadian rhythms, sexual activity, and emotional responses such as anger, fear, and pleasure. It controls endocrine function through the pituitary gland. The pineal gland produces melatonin, which regulates the circadian rhythm, that is, the night and day cycle.
The patient with acute endocrine problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The hypothalamus, located in the diencephalon, is an important link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. It is involved in many of the normal physiological mechanisms that contribute to homeostasis, such as temperature control, thirst and hunger reflexes. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which, in its turn, regulates most of the other glands in the endocrine system. Figure 11.2 demonstrates the extensive influence of the hypothalamus, the anterior and posterior pituitary gland and their target organs.
Ruptured anomalous hyperplastic anterior choroidal artery aneurysm: a case report
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Takashi Mitsuhashi, Hidenori Oishi, Kohsuke Teranishi, Takuma Kodama, Kentaro Kudo, Joji Tokugawa, Masayoshi Kanou, Makoto Hishii
The AchoA is an old artery from the embryological point of view. The telencephalic branches of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes are annexed to the diencephalic–mesencephalic arteries or primitive posterior choroidal artery of the caudal division of the primitive ICA, in a process called ‘distal annexation’.3,4 Annexed cortical branches of the AchoA become the PCA distal to the PcomA (P2-4). If distal annexation does not occur or is incomplete, the AchoA retains the cortical branches of the temporo-occipital lobes to varying extents, which are normally supplied by the P2-4 segments of the PCA.5 This term ‘anomalous hyperplastic AchoA’ was based on the angiographical findings, but ‘persistent primitive AchoA’ has also been used from the embryological point of view.5
Intimate partner violence and brain imaging in women: A neuroimaging literature review
Published in Brain Injury, 2023
Jirapat Likitlersuang, David H. Salat, Catherine B. Fortier, Katherine M. Iverson, Kimberly B. Werner, Tara Galovski, Regina E. McGlinchey
A study by Roos et al. (25) expanded analysis on volumetric and cortical thickness structural data using global and regional brain network connectivity measures (structural connectivity) based on structural graph theory. The model creates a brain region (aka hub) that is linked to another brain region based on physical connection (in this case neuroanatomy). This eventually forms a “small world network,” where there are multiple hubs and connection “links,” creating clusters of hubs. The result altered connectivity in the IPV group compared to the control are located at the cognitive-emotional control region of the brain. This includes caudal anterior cingulate, the middle temporal gyrus, left amygdala and ventral diencephalon (including thalamus). However, the association between PTSD and IPV was not reported.
Revisiting the pineal gland: a review of calcification, masses, precocious puberty, and melatonin functions
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Shrey Patel, Benjamin Rahmani, Jason Gandhi, Omar Seyam, Gunjan Joshi, Inefta Reid, Noel L. Smith, Wayne C. Waltzer, Sardar Ali Khan
Moreover, the pineal gland a diencephalonic structure so it is connected to the third ventricle. It is observed to be dark brown in color and is covered by the pia mater. Although it is a true diencephalonic structure, it is positioned between the diencephalon and mesencephalon. Due to its positioning and function, the pineal gland is highly vascularized. The two main arteries are the medial posterior choroidal arteries and anatomically branch from the posterior cerebral artery. The highly vascular area suggests that the collateral branches of the vessels passing the area provide the supply to the pineal gland. The inner vascular structures are composed of large capillaries and unlike many brain structures there is little to no association with the blood brain barrier [8]. The complex anatomical features of the pineal gland have deterred physicians from attempting to remove cysts and tumors located in the area. However, due to its lack of reliance on the blood brain barrier, pharmacological treatment approaches may very well be feasible.