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Simple questions with complex answers
Published in Jed A. Yalof, Anthony D. Bram, Psychoanalytic Assessment Applications for Different Settings, 2020
David J. York, Alan L. Schwartz
In order to address Mr. S’s concerns about the possibility of ADHD, the assessors selected (a) a self-report instrument, the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales—Long Version (CAARS—L; Conners, Erhardt, and Sparrow, 1999), (b) a collateral-report measure, the CAARS—L Observer Rating Form, completed by Mr. S’s younger brother and a close friend, and (c) a performance-based test designed to assess mental focus and behavioral control, The Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test—Second Edition (IVA-2; Sandford & Sandford, 2019). In order to account for intellectual or learning factors that can give rise to performance difficulties in medical students (Quirk, 1996), two other performance-based measures, the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence—Second Edition (WASI-II; Weschler, 2011) and a set of core reading subtests (Word Attack, Letter-Word Identification, Sentence Reading Fluency, and Passage Comprehension) from the Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement Fourth Edition; (WJ IV ACH; Schrank, Mather, & McGrew, 2014) were administered. The verbal subtests of the WASI-II doubled as structured performance-based measures of personality functioning (Rapaport, Gill, & Schafer, 1946; Bram, 2017). Because of practical considerations of time constraints and incremental validity, the assessors chose to administer the WASI-II in lieu of the full WAIS-IV (Wechsler, 2008).
Neuroimaging in Sports-Related Brain Injury
Published in Mark R. Lovell, Ruben J. Echemendia, Jeffrey T. Barth, Michael W. Collins, Traumatic Brain Injury in Sports, 2020
Erin D. Bigler, William W. Orrison
The systematic investigations of neurobehavioral correlates of cognitive processes using fMRI technology are in their infancy, even though fMRI techniques have been available for over a decade (see Saykin, Johnson, Flashman et al., 1999). A most interesting study was recently published by McAllister, Saykin, Flashman et al. (1999); they examined fMRI correlates of working memory one month after mild TBI. A synopsis of their findings is portrayed in Figure 5.10. Briefly, they observed that mild TBI subjects required greater activation of brain regions involved in performing working memory than observed in controls. A possible explanation for this finding is that the neuronal network that underlies working memory is disrupted by the injury and greater recruitment is necessary just to maintain function. What is fascinating from this study is that these mild TBI subjects did not differ from controls on most neuropsychological measures, with the exception of several reaction-time tasks on a continuous performance task; however, the TBI subjects significantly endorsed more symptoms of memory problems and likely perceived that their subjective experience was that they had to “work harder” to maintain accurate task performance (see p. 1305, McAllister et al., 1999). In the future, it is likely that fMRI tasks will prove to be exceptional methods for assessing the functional significance of TBI. fMRI techniques may also have application in studying the functional recovery and cerebral reorganization that takes place following brain injury as well (Bilecen, Seifritz, Radu et al., 2000).
The Psychiatric Interview
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Essentials of Psychiatric Assessment, 2018
More elaborate assessment of attentional capacities additionally test the ability to inhibit distraction or avoid unwanted attentional switching to automatic or overlearned processes (e.g., reading rather than color naming; stroop test). Specific psychometric tests can be used for elaborate assessment, e.g., Continuous Performance Test.
An Evaluation of the Structure of Attention in Adolescence
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2023
Paul T. Cirino, Abigail E. Farrell, Marcia A. Barnes, Greg J. Roberts
A continuous performance task (CPT) was administered, using the same stimuli as the VAS and Visual Search tasks. Stimuli appear after variable interstimulus intervals (500 ms, 1500 ms, 3000 ms), and students press the spacebar after (and only after) a target stimuli. Targets appear on 20% of the 312 trials, dispersed across three blocks. Within each block, a discriminability index (d’) is computed, representing a balance of hits and false alarms. The CPT represents both external (presented stimuli drive the response) and internal (attention must be sustained over ~12 minutes) aspects of attention; the d’ from each block were the indicators for a combined latent attention factor. The remaining two measures were of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) from the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI; Burns et al., 2018). This questionnaire (completed by teachers and students) represents both internal and external distraction, and so these were also included in the Combined latent factor; the total score was the analyzed variable.
Examining Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 (CPT-3) Embedded Performance Validity Indicators in an Adult Clinical Sample Referred for ADHD Evaluation
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2021
Lauren M. Scimeca, Lindsey Holbrook, Tasha Rhoads, Brian M. Cerny, Kyle J. Jennette, Zachary J. Resch, Maximillian A. Obolsky, Gabriel P. Ovsiew, Jason R. Soble
Continuous performance tests are commonly used in standard neuropsychological practice (Rabin, Barr, & Burton, 2005) and are valuable in the assessment of attention, particularly among specific clinical populations, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Hervey, Epstein, & Curry, 2004; LeRoy, Jacova, & Young, 2019) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI; Erdodi, Roth, Kirsch, Lajiness-O’Neill, & Medoff, 2014; Larrabee, 2012). The Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT) is considered the most widely used continuous performance test (Rabin et al., 2005), and its current iteration, the CPT – 3rd edition (CPT-3; Conners, 2014), measures several aspects of sustained attention. Specifically, the CPT-3 provides information regarding inattention, impulsivity, and vigilance captured by measuring response styles, errors, and response times (Conners, 2014). In addition to its use for assessing sustained attention, embedded validity indicators have been derived from CPT indices with the goal of identifying invalid neuropsychological test performance.
Subacute and chronic neuropsychological sequalae of acute organophosphate pesticide self-poisoning: a prospective cohort study from Sri Lanka
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Tharaka L. Dassanayake, Vajira S. Weerasinghe, Indika Gawarammana, Nicholas A. Buckley
A dose–response relationship helps elucidate whether acute OP pesticide poisoning causes any cognitive impairment, and some evidence from the present and previous studies support this assertion. We found complete RBC-AChE inhibition on-admission (compared to partial inhibition) associated with deficits in episodic memory in a subacute, but not a chronic time-course. Steenland et al. [7] and Nishiwaki et al. [30] –in their subgroup analyses–have used hospital admission (against outpatient treatment) as a criterion of the severity of poisoning. Only Steenland et al. [7] found that the hospitalized subgroup (but not the full sample who had medical attention) was significantly impaired than the healthy controls in measures of sustained attention (Continuous Performance test) and visuomotor speed (Symbol-Digit test). Scarcity of clinical data in the acute stage of poisoning seems to have limited those previous investigators from utilizing any clinical measures or biomarkers to examine a dose–response relationship.