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Dementia
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Pat Chung, Trish (Patricia) Vella-Burrows
The hypothesis that dementia may be prevented by mental activities has emerged from the concept of cognitive reserve. Stern (2009) explains there are individual differences in how people respond to similar brain damage. Some people’s cognition, their memory, thinking and learning, hardly change, while others experience cognitive impairments. Cognitive reserve means The brain actively copes with brain damage using pre-existing cognitive processes or by enlisting compensatory processes.(Stern, 2009 p.2)
Lifestyle Medicine and Brain Health
Published in James M. Rippe, Manual of Lifestyle Medicine, 2021
An intriguing body of information exists about the role of physical activity throughout the lifespan with the development of what researchers have called “cognitive reserve.” These investigators have argued that the primary effect of physical activity and exercise on the human brain is to build cognitive reserve (9). Cognitive reserve is hypothesized as the capacity of the mature brain to sustain function and resist the effects of disease or injury sufficient to cause decline in cognition or clinical dementia. It has been suggested that individuals who experience these declines have less cognitive reserve than individuals who do not and that physical activity helps to build and maintain this cognitive reserve. Cognitive reserve is further classified as either active reserve or passive reserve. The former refers to the efficiency and adaptability of neuro-circuits to respond to cognitive challenge, as exemplified by compensation and use of other parts of the brain. The concept of passive reserve refers to structural anatomic processes such as density of brain tissue, white matter integrity, and vascularity.
Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Health
Published in James M. Rippe, Increasing Physical Activity, 2020
The robust evidence of multiple benefits of physical activity on the brain throughout the lifespan has caused some investigators to postulate the concept of “cognitive reserve” (72). These investigators maintain that the primary effect of physical activity and exercise on the human brain is to build cognitive reserve (73). Cognitive reserve is hypothesized as the capacity of the mature adult brain to sustain function and resist the effects of disease or injury sufficient to cause a decline in cognition or clinical dementia (74). It is suggested that individuals who experience these declines have less cognitive reserve and that physical activity helps build and maintain this cognitive reserve.
Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Functioning among Oldest Old Adults: Findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2023
Peter Martin, Yasuyuki Gondo, Gina Lee, John L. Woodard, L. Steven Miller, Leonard W. Poon
Considering psychological resources regarding cognitive function and decline, a number of studies have revealed that cognitive reserve, such as life experiences, social engagement, educational and occupational exposure, and leisure activities are associated with slower rates of cognitive decline in late-life (Stern, 2009; Wang, Karp, Winblad, & Fratiglioni, 2002; Wang, Xu, & Pei, 2012). Cognitive reserve refers to “the adaptability (i.e., efficiency, capacity, flexibility of cognitive processes) that helps to explain differential susceptibility of cognitive abilities or day-to-day function to brain aging, pathology, or insult” (Stern et al., 2020, p. 1306). Cognitive reserve is a theoretical construct that explains an individual’s ability to delay or avoid the onset of cognitive impairment (Stern, 2002). Such reserve is thought to accumulate over the life span with stimulating experiences, and this reserve may decrease the risk of dementia (Blondell, Hammersley-Mather, & Veerman, 2014; Harrison et al., 2015).
Association between cognitive reserve and cognitive performance in people with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
Navaldeep Kaur, Nandini Dendukuri, Lesley K. Fellows, Marie-Josée Brouillette, Nancy Mayo
The concept of cognitive reserve pertains to “the adaptability of cognitive processes that helps to explain differential susceptibility of cognitive abilities or day-to-day function to brain aging, pathology, or insult” (Stern et al., 2018). This definition comes from a “white paper” on the topic that harmonizes definitions from other authorities (Barulli & Stern, 2013; Umarova, 2017; Wang, MacDonald, Dekhtyar, & Fratiglioni, 2017). An individual with higher cognitive reserve will express less cognitive decline as compared to someone with lower reserve in the face of a similar extent of neuropathological burden (Stern, 2009; Thames et al., 2011). However, the mechanisms underlying cognitive reserve are not clear, and the construct itself is likely latent (i.e., can’t be measured directly) (Clare et al., 2017; Jones et al., 2011; Satz, Cole, Hardy, & Rassovsky, 2011).
Understanding the effect of cognitive/brain reserve and depression on regional atrophy in early Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2019
Elettra Capogna, Riccardo Manca, Matteo De Marco, Anette Hall, Hilkka Soininen, Annalena Venneri
Brain reserve refers to the structural architecture of the brain and it is considered a passive model of resilience: the more brain tissue, the more neuropathological damage necessary to cross a threshold that would cause deficits to emerge [13]. Differently, cognitive reserve is an active model that describes reserve in terms of flexibility of brain functioning implemented during one’s whole life course [13]. Cognitive reserve has mainly been assessed indirectly, by means of proxies such as education, level of occupation, mental and physical leisure activities [14]. Different studies have shown that both reserve factors seem to have a neuroprotective role against the clinical manifestation of AD [15,16]. In other words, high levels of brain and cognitive reserve do not prevent the accumulation of brain pathology due to AD, but do modulate the symptomatic manifestations [17]. Indeed, despite the ongoing progressive pathology, high cognitive reserve might preserve cognitive functioning by optimizing the use of brain networks, characterized by greater efficiency or capacity, or by fostering compensatory mechanisms [18]. On this note, a VBM study found more severe gray matter atrophy in medial temporal areas (particularly susceptible to AD pathology) in MCI patients with high cognitive reserve, compared to those with low cognitive reserve [19]. The former group showed also larger gray-matter volume in frontoparietal associative regions and better cognitive performance on tasks of visual-spatial and executive abilities.