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Consciousness, EEG, Sleep and Emotions
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The functions of the limbic system can be summarised as follows: Hippocampus is concerned with memory acquisition and recall, formation of long-term memory and behaviour. Lesions of the hippocampus lead to anterograde amnesia, and it is thought that the hippocampus is involved in the transformation from short-term to long-term memory.Amygdaloid nuclei are linked with emotional content of stimuli, fear and rage behaviour anxiety.Septal nuclei are associated with pleasure and reward.Cingulate gyrus is involved in the evaluation of the affective aspects of events.
Drugs of Abuse and Addiction
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Shalini Mani, Chahat Kubba, Aarushi Singh
Reward-related behavior like euphoria, pleasure are some of the learned responses to which craving is associated with. Consolidation of this memory is likely to involve some neuroanatomical substrates like amygdala and hippocampus (Brown and Fibiger, 1993; Meil, 1997). Triggering of the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus are the definite events related to the episode of craving. To activate the fronto limbic circuits, acute drug administration is not required because of foregoing exposure to any drug, craving itself is sufficient and efficient for such activation (Brown and Fibiger, 1993; Meil, 1997; Franklin and Druhan, 2000; Volkow et al., 1999; Childress et al., 1999; Garavan et al., 2000; Grant et al., 1996; Maas et al., 1998).
Exploring the types and manifestation of disorders
Published in Jane Hanley, Mark Williams, Fathers and Perinatal Mental Health, 2019
The emotions are governed by the limbic system, which is located in the mid brain. Its primary structures include the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. The amygdala is the emotion centre of the brain, whilst the hippocampus plays an essential role in the formation of new memories about past experiences. The hypothalamus is found beneath the thalamus and is responsible for releasing hormones. The thalamus is located above the brain stem, between cerebral cortex and the midbrain and is responsible to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. Basal ganglia are a group of neurons and are strongly connected to other areas within the brain. They fine tune the activity within the brain circuits and process information on voluntary body movement, learning, cognition and emotions. The cingulate gyrus is involved in processing and regulating emotions and behaviour (Morgan 2005, Markowitsch & Staniloiu 2011). Information is processed and transmitted to the pre-frontal cortex which helps in decision making.
Microstructural changes in the cingulate gyrus of patients with mild cognitive impairment induced by cerebral small vessel disease
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Huilin Liu, Dongtao Liu, Kun Li, Xiaofan Xue, Xiangke Ma, Qiao Bu, Jing Ma, Zhenyu Pan, Lichun Zhou
To the best of our knowledge, the cingulate gyrus is an important part of the limbic system that is involved in the regulation of cognitive function. Sambuchi et al. observed gray matter atrophy in regions of the cingulate cortex or other areas of the cerebral hemispheres in the pre-MCI stage using imaging, neurobiology and other methods [5]. The cingulate cortex appears to play a crucial role in the default mode network, the dorsal attention network and the salience network. Previous studies also showed abnormal functional connectivity of the cingulate cortex in patients with MCI [6,7]. These results suggested that changes in the microstructure of the cingulate gyrus may lead to cognitive impairment by altering nerve fiber connections. Therefore, microstructural changes in the cingulate gyrus may play an important role in the development of MCI. However, research on the changes in the microstructure of the cingulate cortex in patients with MCI induced by cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is still lacking.
Stuttering and compulsive manipulation of tools after hemorrhage in the anterior corpus callosum and cingulate gyrus: a case study
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2018
Few reports in the relevant literature have described neurogenic stuttering after cingulate gyrus lesion alone. According to PET and SPECT research (Perry et al., 1999), neural activity of the anterior cingulate gyrus increases considerably when non-stutterers speak: the blood flow in this region is lower when developmental stutterers are speaking (Belyk, Kraft, & Brown, 2015; Budde, Barron, & Fox, 2014). However, increasing activation of the anterior cingulate gyrus of the stutterer during reading aloud (Luc, Kroll, Kapur, & Houle, 2000) might be attributable to increased anticipatory reactions when reading and scanning for potential fluency problems. Moreover, in the study of developmental stuttering, the anterior cingulate gyrus might be involved in the silent rehearsal of articulation (De Nil & Kroll, 2001), preparation of anticipatory reactions (Craig-McQuaide, Akram, Zrinzo, & Tripoliti, 2014), awareness of (upcoming) disfluencies (Den Ouden, Montgomery, & Adams, 2014), and anticipate a stuttering moment (Garcia-Barrera & Davidow, 2015). Less-automated tasks are associated with increased activation of the inner articulatory loop, which might involve the anterior cingulate gyrus (Paus, Petrides, Evans, & Meyer, 1993). Furthermore, anterior cingulate gyrus activation during silent reading tasks is significantly lower in AWS following fluency-inducing treatment (Kroll, De Nil, & Houle, 1997). This result might be attributable to decreased silent articulatory rehearsal or decreased anticipatory scanning.
Differences in neural pathways are related to the short- or long-term benefits of constraint-induced movement therapy in patients with chronic stroke and hemiparesis: a pilot cohort study
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2018
Takashi Takebayashi, Kohei Marumoto, Kayoko Takahashi, Kazuhisa Domen
We observed that the integrities of the affected CgC and CBF were strongly correlated with CIMT’s short- and long-term benefits, yet neither has been sufficiently defined to enable firm conclusions. The CgC links the medial temporal lobe, retrosplenial cortex, cingulate gyrus, prefrontal lobe, and subgenual area [36,37]. The cingulate gyrus contributes to emotional self-control, focused problem solving, error recognition, adaptations to changing conditions, and control of goal-directed behaviors [38,39]. A previous study reported excitatory changes in the cingulate gyri in patients with chronic stroke shortly after CIMT [18]. CIMT’s short- and long-term benefits may therefore also be specifically related to the CgC components directly connected to the cingulate gyrus. The CBF connects the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, and brainstem [40]. Kwok and Buckley [41] showed that the fornix is related to fast conditional learning in monkeys, and Taub [42] has suggested using conditional learning techniques in CIMT. Our results for the CBF may support Taub’s position.