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Motor Function and ControlDescending Tracts
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The cerebellum lies above the fourth ventricle in the posterior fossa of the cranium. It consists of the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. The cerebellar cortex consists of an outer layer containing basket and stellate cells, a middle layer containing Purkinje cells and an inner layer containing granular cells with interneurons called Golgi cells.
Three-Dimensional Upper Limb Movements in Cerebellar Ataxia
Published in Michael Fetter, Thomas Haslwanter, Hubert Misslisch, Douglas Tweed, Three-Dimensional Kinematics of Eye, Head and Limb Movements, 2020
Helge Topka, Jürgen Konczak, K. Schneider, J. Dichgans
While these studies unequivocally show that cerebellar dysfunction disorders even simple single-joint movements, recent anatomical and physiological data have prompted the notion that the cerebellum may specifically play a role in controlling movements of adjacent joints and thus in the coordination of multijoint movements (Goodkin et al., 1993; Thach et al., 1992). In his recent review, Thach (1992) reevaluated the current knowledge of cerebellar cortical anatomy and physiology and pointed out that the architecture of the cerebellar cortex could indeed provide an ideal neuroanatomical basis for monitoring and coordinating multijoint limb movements. In particular, the existence of a roughly somatotopical organization of the cerebellar nuclei and associated cerebellar cortical areas and the spatial organization of parallel fiber beams within that somatotopic pattern are thought to represent the neuroanatomical basis of cerebellar involvement in the coordination of movement. In theory, the spatial orientation of the parallel fiber beams which is in parallel to the myotome representation within each of the cerebellar nuclei and the considerable length of parallel fibers would allow for the parallel fibers to influence motions of several adjacent joints, hereby providing intersegmental coordination of a multi-joint movement.
Bernie
Published in Walter J. Hendelman, Peter Humphreys, Christopher R. Skinner, The Integrated Nervous System, 2017
Walter J. Hendelman, Peter Humphreys, Christopher R. Skinner
Once these two streams of converging information have been compared and analyzed by the cerebellar cortex, appropriately consolidated information is then transmitted to neurons located in large nuclei in the central part of the cerebellar hemisphere (see Figure 7.5). For right arm movement, this information, originating in the largest neurons of the cerebellar cortex, the Purkinje cells, is transmitted to the right dentate nucleus in the central region of the cerebellar hemisphere. From there, information is relayed upward in axons located in the right superior cerebellar peduncle. In the midbrain, the axons cross the midline and enter the left red nucleus and either synapse with red nucleus neurons or pass through en route to the left thalamus, where they synapse with neurons in the VL thalamic nucleus. These latter neurons then project back to the left sensorimotor cortex to complete the feedback loop.
Optimal timing and neural loci: a scoping review on the effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on post-stroke gait and balance recovery
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2023
Vyoma Parikh, Ann Medley, Yu-Chen Chung, Hui-Ting Goh
Only two studies examined the effect of contralesional cerebellar NIBS on balance.54,61 Zandvliet and colleagues61 utilized anodal tDCS to stimulate the ipsilesional or contralesional cerebellar cortex in individuals with chronic non-cerebellar stroke. They found that contralesional cerebellar anodal tDCS increased postural stability during tandem stance compared to sham stimulation, while ipsilesional cerebellar stimulation did not. Koch et al.54 also reported a beneficial effect of stimulating the contralesional cerebellar cortex using intermittent theta burst TMS in individuals with non-cerebellar stroke. The contralesional cerebellar cortex modulates the descending pathways projecting to the affected side of the body.32 Therefore, upregulating the contralesional cerebellum activity might improve motor control of the affected side and increase postural stability.
Differences in the Level of Functional Fitness and Precise Hand Movements of People with and without Cognitive Disorders
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
Rohan Anna, Fugiel Jarosław, Winkel Izabela, Lindner Karolina, Kołodziej Małgorzata, Sobieszczańska Malgorzata
Analysis of the obtained results show that differences in the level of fitness depend on the type of motor activities performed. In the case of functional fitness tests assessing the strength of the lower extremities, agility and aerobic capacity that are similar to daily activities, people with cognitive impairment in both gender groups do not differ from those in the control group. Functional fitness depends on many factors, both genetic and environmental, as well as lifestyle. It includes habitual, automatic activities which have been transitioned from controlled too automatic while motor learning and eventually cerebellar cortex and subcortical nuclei play crucial role in controlling precise executed movements. Explanation of the fact that functional fitness in people with cognitive dysfunctions remains on the same level as in the healthy aging ones is that this kind of activities is controlled by low-level cerebral areas.
The clinical application of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with cerebellar ataxia: a systematic review
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Graziella Orrù, Valentina Cesari, Ciro Conversano, Angelo Gemignani
Grimaldi and Manto [9] performed a single blind, sham-controlled study in order to assess the effect of anodal tDCS over cerebellar vermis and right cerebellar cortex in nine patients different types of cerebellar ataxia. To this purpose, the authors explored the effect of anodal tDCS and sham stimulation on three different paradigms: (i) stretch reflexes in upper limbs; (ii) upper limb dexterity and coordination; (iii) computerized posturography. The anode was positioned at the level of the posterior fossa and in front of the vermis (inion level), while cathode was applied over contralateral supra-orbital area. The results showed that real tDCS reduced the amplitudes of long-lasting latency stretch reflexes, but no improvement was found in short latency stretch reflexes, coordination and posture if compared to baseline or sham condition.