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Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
There is mounting evidence for the involvement of the cerebellum in cognitive functions. Cerebellar lesions result in what is collectively described as the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS), manifested as (i) deficits in linguistic and social skills, (ii) executive function disorder, or impairment of the ability to analyze, plan, organize, schedule, and complete tasks; (iii) affective disorder, involving anxiety, depression, and extreme shifts in mood; (iv) disorders of attention and emotional control; and (v) other behavioral and psychotic disorders, including autism and schizophrenia.
Vocal Motor Disorders *
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (Schmahmann & Sherman, 1997) is a syndrome with language, personality, executive, visual-spatial, and sequencing disorders, reminiscent of the frontal lobe syndrome and other conditions. It has been attributed to cerebellar degeneration, particularly of the posterior lobe and the vermis. Adult subjects with cerebellar disorders display unusual prosody and dysarthria, with tone or voice characterized by a high-pitched, whining, childish, and hypophonic quality.
The ‘worm’ in our brain. An anatomical, historical, and philological study on the vermis cerebelli
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
In clinical neuroanatomy, the vestibulocerebellum regulates balance and eye movements; the spinocerebellum regulates body and limb movements (see Figure 8). Lesions of the vermis, therefore, affect vestibular connexions and impair the balance of the trunk (truncal ataxia, see Clarke et al. 2009, 28–30). Classically, the spinocerebellum receives somatosensory input from ascending spinal pathways, but part of the vermis seems to receive input from the cerebral cortex, too (Coffman, Dum, and Strick 2011). According to other recent research, the posterior vermis is the anatomical substrate of the limbic cerebellum. Lesions may result in cognitive disturbances, even in personality changes (the “cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome,” first described in Brain by Schmahmann and Sherman in 1998; for a recent review, see Schmahmann 2019). However, the fact that working memory and visual-spatial memory can also be affected should not provoke nostalgic reminiscences of the cell doctrine: Memory is represented in multiple regions of the brain.
Mechanisms of COVID-19-induced cerebellitis
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Mohammad Banazadeh, Sepehr Olangian-Tehrani, Melika Sharifi, Mohammadreza Malek-Ahmadi, Farhad Nikzad, Nooria Doozandeh-Nargesi, Alireza Mohammadi, Gary J. Stephens, Mohammad Shabani
Injuries to the cerebellum and vermis can cause many severe disorders; for example, acute cerebellar injuries may cause a neurobehavioral syndrome requiring psychiatric interventions and concentrated neurorehabilitation35. Furthermore, some symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction, accompanied by executive functions, memory, and visuospatial abilities dysfunction, are linked to noticeable behavioral changes associated with the cerebellar cognitive, affective syndrome, which are reported in cases with acute cerebellar posterior lobe and vermis injuries35. In addition, some COVID-19 patients have shown acute cerebrovascular and neuropathologic deficits. These events can occur in Gray matter regions like the thalamus, putamen, pallidum, and cerebellum and can disrupt patient consciousness and arousal37.
Cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma in childhood: Investigating the long-term impact of surgery on cognitive performance and functional outcome
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2018
Thomas Pletschko, Anna Felnhofer, Doris Lamplmair, Christian Dorfer, Thomas Czech, Monika Chocholous, Irene Slavc, Ulrike Leiss
Several studies have demonstrated both cognitive and behavioral problems in patients treated for pediatric CPA with surgery only.10–15 The corresponding results show a pattern of difficulties that fit the so-called cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS16). The CCAS is closely related to lesions of the cerebellum and as such it highlights the role of the cerebellum not only in motor function but also as a modulator of emotional and cognitive processes.10 Its central symptoms are deficits in executive functioning, language difficulties as well as problems with spatial cognition and affect regulation (cf. ref.15). In their study on the neuropsychological consequences of cerebellar tumor resection in childhood, Levisohn, Cronin-Golomb and Schmahmann13 found that all investigated patients showed impairments in the above-mentioned areas of cognitive functioning. Additionally however, deficits in attention,1,10,15,17 processing speed,1,15 and memory1,10,15,18 have also been observed in long-term CPA survivors, calling for timely intervention.10