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Current in vivo Models for Brain Disorders
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Marta Guerra-Rebollo, Cristina Garrido
At present, there is a large spectrum of brain disorders which can be classified into: neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), brain tumours or ischaemic stroke. These deficits are the results of intrinsic brain dysfunction or environmental interaction with the brain. The pathological nature of the CNS disease determines the animal model used to mimic that disorder (Table 13.1).
Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Adults
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Brain dysfunction varies in severity: Depression and insomnia are common.May be mistaken for bipolar disorder.Restlessness, crying, confusion, violent behavior, hallucinations, and psychosis may occur.Mental status changes, cortical blindness, seizures, or coma may occur.CNS dysfunction and abdominal pain usually occur together.
Validity of the Concept of Dyslexia: Alternative Approaches to Definition and Classification
Published in Kees P. van den Bos, Linda S. Siegel, Dirk J. Bakker, David L. Share, Current Directions in Dyslexia Research, 2020
Jack M. Fletcher, Karla K. Stuebing, Bennett A. Shaywitz, Sally E. Shaywitz, Byron P. Rourke, David J. Francis
Issues involving the identification and classification of children with reading disabilities should occur in the context of the larger question of the classification of developmental disabilities in children. There is a major need for classifications of childhood disorders of learning and behavior that appropriately account for the overlap of learning, attention, behavior, and intellectual disorders (Fletcher et al., 1993; Shaywitz et al., 1991). Such classifications are possible, and considerable research is now being devoted to investigations of the validity of these classifications. Once the components of the major disability are identified and children are clearly and reliably placed into groups of academic disability, it may be possible to identify reliably and validly possible subtypes of these disorders. Even when subtypes are identified, it is likely that phonological processing variables will be an important correlate of reading disability (Liberman et al., 1974; Shankweiler & Crain, 1986; Stanovich, 1988). However, other variations in cognitive and neuropsychological functioning may well be important as clues to the underlying manifestation of brain dysfunction with particular implications for remediation.
Longitudinal changes in life-space mobility and the factors influencing it among chronic community-dwelling post-stroke patients
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
S. Tsunoda, S. Shimizu, Y. Suzuki, A. Tsunoda, R. Yamada, R. Shimose, M. Kawabata, M. Ogura, A. Matsunaga
In the multivariable, linear, mixed-effects model analysis conducted in the present study, comfortable gait speed, which reflects walking ability, significantly affected the changes in life-space mobility, independent of age, cognitive function, and ADL. Comfortable gait speed has been widely and frequently used to assess walking ability and overall health status and is strongly associated with disability among post-stroke patients [2,36,37]. Additionally, several studies have indicated that comfortable gait speed is strongly related to social participation in the community-dwelling population [38]. Moreover, comfortable gait speed is a common factor associated with life-space mobility in post-stroke patients in the aforementioned cross-sectional studies [22]. Accordingly, our findings are consistent with these reports. The lack of relationships between life-space mobility and cognitive function and mobility-related ADL may be because we excluded patients with substantial cognitive dysfunction (MMSE score <20 points) and walking distance less than 5 m without personal assistance in the present study. Therefore, further studies should be performed in post-stroke patients with higher levels of brain dysfunction, including cognitive dysfunction and walking ability requiring personal assistance.
Inhibition of TRIM14 protects cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through regulating NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway-mediated inflammation and apoptosis
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Xianlong Xie, Fan Wang, Xiujuan Li
Brain dysfunction induced by cerebral vascular disease is an important cause of disability and death of human, which brings heavy burden to society and family. Ischemic brain injury is the most common cerebral vascular disease [28]. Molecular mechanisms of neuronal damage and inflammatory response involving brain EAA (excitatory amino acids) toxicity, disorder of energy metabolism, free radical damage, and neuronal calcium overload may be associated with ischemic brain injury [29]. Many studies have shown that the apoptosis of neurons is one of the main factors for cerebral ischemic injury [30]. To illustrate the role of TRIM14 in the ischemic injury, its expression level was detected, and the correlation between TRIM14 expression and neuron apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and cognitive dysfunction were also analyzed.
Influence of the inflammasome complex on psychiatric disorders: clinical and preclinical studies
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
MDD, referred to as clinical depression, is a mood disorder lasting 6 months or longer, which is associated with poor quality of life and considerable morbidity and mortality [28–30]. MDD is a recurring lifelong mental illness and usually appears gradually, and sometimes suddenly [29]. Its symptoms are diurnal variation, anhedonia, insomnia, fatigue, and loss of appetite [29]. Brain dysfunction in various brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, has been observed in patients with MDD [31]. Patients with depression have shown structural alterations in the brain, e.g. changes in the total brain or gray matter volume and enlarged lateral ventricular system [30]. MDD patients exhibit a reduced volume of the frontal lobes, including the prefrontal cortex that controls executive functions and social behaviors [30,32]. Additionally, MDD patients exhibit smaller temporal lobe volumes, which includes the hippocampus that regulates emotions, learning, and memory [30,33].