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Introduction: Epilepsy
Published in Candace M. Kent, David M. Chan, Analysis of a Model for Epilepsy, 2022
Candace M. Kent, David M. Chan
Common types of complex partial seizures include automatisms, in which epileptic individuals “carry out purposeful actions over which they have no conscious control or subsequent memory” [3]. Examples of automatisms are fiddling with clothes, chewing, getting up and simply walking around. Violent behavior of an epileptic individual undergoing a complex partial seizure is possible under specific scenarios such as the presence of post-ictal confusion combined with attempts to restrain the individual [3].
Neurological and neuromuscular disorders
Published in Rachel U Sidwell, Mike A Thomson, Concise Paediatrics, 2020
Rachel U Sidwell, Mike A Thomson
These involve altered consciousness and may follow on from a simple partial seizure. Temporal Lobe epilepsy (a form of complex partial seizure) may produce outbursts of emotions. Automatisms are a common feature (lip smacking, chewing, drooling).
Automatism
Published in John Rumbold, Automatism as a Defence in Criminal Law, 2018
Fenwick defined automatism as follows: An automatism is an involuntary piece of behaviour over which an individual has no control. The behaviour is usually inappropriate to the circumstances, and may be out of character for the individual. It can be complex, co-ordinated and apparently purposeful and directed, though lacking in judgment. Afterwards the individual may have no recollection or only a partial and confused memory for his actions. In organic automatisms there must be some disturbance of brain function sufficient to give rise to the above features.(Fenwick, 1987)
Typical school-to-work transitions of young adults with disabilities in Germany – a cohort study of recipients of vocational rehabilitation services after leaving school in 2008
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Nonetheless, the study yields several implications for VR practice. First, vocational training is a prerequisite for labour market entry and serves as a conversion factor for many YPWD. However, if the structural conditions on the local labour market are unfavourable, YPWD does not transition to employment. Second, selection into training within sheltered workshops takes place at an early stage and leads to highly institutionalised trajectories. Transitions into employment on the regular labour market are seldom. This automatism is mainly based on functionings, such as age, the type of disability, and school qualification. These automatic pathways should be reconsidered to permit greater permeability into the regular labour market. General arrangements for this were laid down in the German Federal Participation Act in 2018 [69]. Finally, young people from poor households should be targeted to a greater extent in the context of VR counselling. These actions could be interpreted as additional or group-specific conversion factors in the language of the CA. Although this study cannot give insights into the detailed mechanisms in this subgroup, receipt of basic income support in the (parental) household leads to a risk of problematic employment biographies being reproduced.
The perversion of language: Jules Baillarger on aphasia, the lateralization of speech, and the Baillarger-Jackson principle
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
Baillarger’s most notable contribution to aphasiology was to recognize two aspects of speech, one directed by the will and directed “to a specific goal,” such as expressing a thought, and the other spontaneous and automatic: After we have generated this or that thought, we retain it for a time and, presently, we take leave of it, to generate others of a totally different nature. This is the active exercise of intelligence. But, curiously, as soon as this dynamic and voluntary exercise ceases, our faculties, abandoned to themselves, do not remain at rest. Our thoughts continue to form sometimes bizarre associations, to which we are in a way a passive spectator. This is the involuntary exercise of our faculties, the automatism of intelligence. … If I bring up these points it is because speech is so intimately tied by habit to the expression of thought … that it functions by itself when we cease to direct it. (Baillarger 1865, 824)
Effects of spatial working memory in balance during dual tasking in traumatic brain injury and healthy controls
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Ana Isabel Useros Olmo, Jose A. Periañez, David Martínez-Pernía, Juan Carlos Miangolarra Page
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently associated with a loss of movements that were previously automatic, such as standing or walking, which implies an increase in the cognitive processing demands for the conscious control of movement and diminishes the ability of the individual to simultaneously perform two tasks. The causes of these difficulties include the loss of motor automatism after brain injury. Thus, postural control depends on voluntary control, requiring greater attention to the posture and therefore diminishing the capacity of the affected individual to perform two tasks at the same time (15,16). Other causes that explain the difficulty experienced by people with TBI in performing dual tasks are attentional problems and diffuse axonal injuries, which may decrease the speed of processing and the ability to simultaneously perform two tasks (17–19).