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The Instincts as the Subject, Mechanism, and Means of Education
Published in L.S. Vygotsky, V.V. Davydov, Silverman Robert, Educational Psychology, 2020
One might easily imagine that automatism depreciates the character of human reaction, reduces it to a lower type, mechanizes it, and, in general, is a step backwards and a step down by comparison with the conscious, rational type of reaction. This is not quite the case, however. It is not at all hard to demonstrate that the automatism characteristic of our movements is a necessary psychological condition for the appearance of the higher forms of activity proper. This is clear from the fact that, first, only certain automatic or involuntary acts constitute fully perfected types of reactions. The playing of a pianist, the manner of speaking of an orator, the dancing of a ballerina, everything that requires the utmost subtlety and exactitude of movement reaches the height of perfection and its full measure once the nerve centers that direct the necessary movements seem to function autonomously, in isolation from all extraneous influence of the nervous system, performing their work with the utmost elegance and harmony, and, by its very nature, is accessible to only one of man’s nerves.
From assessment to intervention
Published in Rosa Angela Fabio, Tindara Caprì, Gabriella Martino, Understanding Rett Syndrome, 2019
Rosa Angela Fabio, Tindara Caprì, Gabriella Martino
Automatism refers to the dynamics from controlled processing to automatic processing of attention. In any starting step of a task, we initially use controlled processes of attention to learn and so performance is slow, awkward, and prone to errors. We can say that the full amount of our memory load is engaged; we can say, in other words, that all our cognitive resources are engaged to learn the new task. For example, we can think of a child who is learning to add up two numbers. It is very difficult initially for the child to bear in mind the first number, to memorize the second number, to recall the first, and to sum both. It is difficult also to understand that the plus sign means “to add”, “to join”, but also “become bigger”, “go on”, and so on. So, when the teacher asks the child to add the toys of Mary to the toys of Marc, he thinks hard, he does it slowly, and then reaches the result. During his problem solving, if someone asks him something else, he makes mistakes in the calculation and forgets the result. As training proceeds, the performance requires less vigilance, becomes faster, and errors decrease, a transformation that can be defined as “automatism”. With learning, the attentive strategies that once needed control become automatic (Caprì et al., 2019; Fabio & Caprì, 2015; 2017; 2019; Fabio, Castriciano, & Rondanini, 2015; Martino et al., 2017).
Automatism
Published in John Rumbold, Automatism as a Defence in Criminal Law, 2018
Fenwick defined automatism as follows: An automatism is an involuntary piece of behaviour over which an individual has no control. The behaviour is usually inappropriate to the circumstances, and may be out of character for the individual. It can be complex, co-ordinated and apparently purposeful and directed, though lacking in judgment. Afterwards the individual may have no recollection or only a partial and confused memory for his actions. In organic automatisms there must be some disturbance of brain function sufficient to give rise to the above features.(Fenwick, 1987)
Typical school-to-work transitions of young adults with disabilities in Germany – a cohort study of recipients of vocational rehabilitation services after leaving school in 2008
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Nonetheless, the study yields several implications for VR practice. First, vocational training is a prerequisite for labour market entry and serves as a conversion factor for many YPWD. However, if the structural conditions on the local labour market are unfavourable, YPWD does not transition to employment. Second, selection into training within sheltered workshops takes place at an early stage and leads to highly institutionalised trajectories. Transitions into employment on the regular labour market are seldom. This automatism is mainly based on functionings, such as age, the type of disability, and school qualification. These automatic pathways should be reconsidered to permit greater permeability into the regular labour market. General arrangements for this were laid down in the German Federal Participation Act in 2018 [69]. Finally, young people from poor households should be targeted to a greater extent in the context of VR counselling. These actions could be interpreted as additional or group-specific conversion factors in the language of the CA. Although this study cannot give insights into the detailed mechanisms in this subgroup, receipt of basic income support in the (parental) household leads to a risk of problematic employment biographies being reproduced.
Therapeutic approach to difficult-to-treat typical absences and related epilepsy syndromes
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Giovanni Mastroianni, Michele Ascoli, Sara Gasparini, Francesco Brigo, Vittoria Cianci, Sabrina Neri, Emilio Russo, Umberto Aguglia, Edoardo Ferlazzo
Typical absences (TAs) are brief (~5–30 seconds) generalized epileptic seizures of abrupt onset and termination, clinically presenting with impairment of awareness combined or not with other manifestations (see below). Impairment of awareness is usually associated with sudden onset and interruption of ongoing activities, often with a blank stare, with immediate return to the baseline level of awareness and activity [1]. If the impairment of awareness is less severe, the patient may not stop ongoing activities, although reaction time and speech may be slow. Other common ictal manifestations include automatisms, myoclonia, tonic, atonic, or autonomic phenomena. Myoclonic jerks may be rhythmic or arrhythmic, single or repeated, and may involve the eyelids, mouth, trunk, and limbs, the most common being eyelid myoclonia. Atonic phenomena can manifest with head drop, dropping of the arms, and very rarely falls due to lower limb atonia. Tonic phenomena can involve facial and neck muscles. TAs are typically elicited by hyperventilation. Activation by photic stimulation or thinking may rarely occur [2].
The perversion of language: Jules Baillarger on aphasia, the lateralization of speech, and the Baillarger-Jackson principle
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
Baillarger’s most notable contribution to aphasiology was to recognize two aspects of speech, one directed by the will and directed “to a specific goal,” such as expressing a thought, and the other spontaneous and automatic: After we have generated this or that thought, we retain it for a time and, presently, we take leave of it, to generate others of a totally different nature. This is the active exercise of intelligence. But, curiously, as soon as this dynamic and voluntary exercise ceases, our faculties, abandoned to themselves, do not remain at rest. Our thoughts continue to form sometimes bizarre associations, to which we are in a way a passive spectator. This is the involuntary exercise of our faculties, the automatism of intelligence. … If I bring up these points it is because speech is so intimately tied by habit to the expression of thought … that it functions by itself when we cease to direct it. (Baillarger 1865, 824)